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Findings and Conclusions

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Abstract

This chapter summarizes the most salient findings and conclusions derived from our search for American POW /MIA s in Russia, four non-Russian republics of the Soviet Union, and East Germany.

Significant findings included the following: (1) Soviet forces interrogated American POWs in Korea, though the Russians deny it. (2) Multiple lines of evidence indicate that American POWs were transferred from Korea to the Soviet Union, some of whom appear to have been returned to POW camps in North Korea. (3) Evidence in the East German archives and from interviews confirm that American deserters were transferred to East Germany and the territory of the USSR. (4) No evidence of any kind was located in five former republics of the USSR that indicates over 23,000 American POWs were transferred to the Soviet Union after World War II.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    The MGB was one of the precursors of the KGB .

  2. 2.

    The MVD was the Ministry of Internal Affairs, more or less the secret police.

  3. 3.

    June 13, 2000.

  4. 4.

    Hearings on Cold War, Korea, WWII POWs, Senate Select Committee on POW/MIA Affairs, November 10–11, 1992, pp. 268–9. http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/pow/senate_house/pdf/hear_11_92.pdf

  5. 5.

    “Exemption 25X1: reveal the identity of a confidential human source, a human intelligence source, a relationship with an intelligence or security service of a foreign government or international organization, or a non-human intelligence source; or impair the effectiveness of an intelligence method currently in use, available for use, or under development.” 32 CFR 2001.26—Automatic declassification exemption markings. https://www.law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/32/2001.26

  6. 6.

    Central Intelligence Agency Information Report. Country: USSR, xxxxxx [Exemption 25X1] Subject: American Prisoners-of-War Held in the USSR SECRET/CONTROL – US OFFICIALS ONLY December 29, 1953. (“xxxxx” indicates redacted material). https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP80-00810A003200410002-9.pdf

  7. 7.

    Memorandum For: Chief F1, DDP From: F1 Staff, SR Division xxxxxx Chief, SR/7 Subject: Request for Renewal of Project AEACRE for the Fiscal Year 1957 SECRET July 1, 1956, p. 12. https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/AEACRE%20%20%20VOL.%201_0027.pdf

  8. 8.

    Memorandum for the Director of Central Intelligence. From: General N. F. Twining, Chief of Staff, United States Air Force Subject: (Unclassified) US Prisoners of War Remaining in Communist Custody After Termination of Exchange of Prisoners Under Terms of Korean Armistice Agreement SECRET March 16, 1954. https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP80R01731R000800120028-5.pdf

  9. 9.

    Central Intelligence Agency, Office of Current Intelligence “Probability of Soviet Release of Some World War II Prisoners,” SECRET SECURITY INFORMATION May 5, 1953. https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP91T01172R000200300006-2.pdf

  10. 10.

    77-Page Report, op. cit., Appendix B, pp. 57–67.

  11. 11.

    Quinones, C. Kenneth, “Building Bridges – The US – DPRK 1994 Agreed Framework and The US Army’s Return to North Korea,” East-West Center—Honolulu, Hawaii, undated though file properties indicate the document was created on April 3, 2008, p. 10. http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.543.2556&rep=rep1&type=pdf

  12. 12.

    Comprehensive Report of the U.S. Side of the U.S.-Russia Joint Commission On POW/MIAs, op. cit., p. 139.

  13. 13.

    Hearings on Cold War, Korea, WWII POWS, Senate Select Committee on POW/MIA Affairs, op. cit., p. 36.

  14. 14.

    Status of POW/MIA Negotiations With North Korea, Military Personnel Subcommittee of the Committee on National Security. House of Representatives, June 20, 1996, p. 82.

  15. 15.

    Hearings on Cold War, Korea, and WWII POWS, Hearings before the Select Committee on POW/MIA Affairs, op. cit., p. 101.

  16. 16.

    Hearings on Cold War, Korea, WWII POWs, Senate Select Committee on POW/MIA Affairs, op. cit., pp. 301–302.

  17. 17.

    Hearings on Cold War, Korea, WWII POWS, Senate Select Committee on POW/MIA Affairs, op. cit., p. 314. http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/pow/senate_house/pdf/hear_11_92.pdf

  18. 18.

    Hearings on Cold War, Korea and WWII POWS, Hearings before the Select Committee on POW/MIA Affairs, op. cit., p. 361.

  19. 19.

    Email, Zamascikov to Cole, June 25, 2017.

  20. 20.

    “Stalin’s secret police finally named but killings still not seen as crimes,” Shaun Walker, The Guardian, February 6, 2017. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/feb/06/stalin-secret-police-killings-crimes-russia-terror-nkvd

  21. 21.

    Colonel Mahurin’s version of these events appears in Honest John: The Autobiography of Walker M. Mahurin, Walker Bud Mahurin. Originally published in 1962 by G. P. Putnam’s Sons. Republished in 2011 by Pickle Partners.

  22. 22.

    “To Snatch a Sabre,” Ralph Wetterhahn, Air & Space Magazine, July 2003. http://www.airspacemag.com/military-aviation/to-snatch-a-sabre-4707550/?all

  23. 23.

    “To Snatch a Sabre,” op. cit.

  24. 24.

    Spy Flights of the Cold War, Paul Lashmar (Published in the United Kingdom by Stroud: Sutton Publishers Ltd., 1996, Published in the United States by the Naval Institute Press, 1996), p. 55.

  25. 25.

    Russia’s Secret War, op. cit. Used with permission.

  26. 26.

    Russia’s Secret War, op. cit. Used with permission.

  27. 27.

    Spy Flights of the Cold War, Paul Lashmar (Published in the United Kingdom by Stroud: Sutton Publishers Ltd., 1996, Published in the United States by the Naval Institute Press, 1996), p. 55.

  28. 28.

    Comprehensive Report of the U.S. Side of the U.S.-Russia Joint Commission on POW/MIAs, op. cit., pp. 181–182.

  29. 29.

    Comprehensive Report of the U.S. Side of the U.S.-Russia Joint Commission on POW/MIAs, op. cit., pp. 363–365.

  30. 30.

    “Stockdale Center For Ethical Leadership,” United States Naval Academy, citing excerpts from the Official Site for Admiral James Stockdale. https://www.usna.edu/Ethics/bios/stockdale.php

  31. 31.

    “Spy In The Hanoi Hilton,” produced by Pulse3 TV and Smithsonian Networks, David Taylor, Producer. © SNI/SI Networks LLC, 2015.

  32. 32.

    Russia’s Secret War, op. cit. Used with permission.

  33. 33.

    Russia’s Secret War, op. cit. Used with permission.

  34. 34.

    Comprehensive Report of the U.S. Side of the U.S.-Russia Joint Commission on POW/MIAs, op. cit., pp. 363–365.

  35. 35.

    Comprehensive Report of the U.S. Side of the U.S.-Russia Joint Commission On POW/MIAs, op. cit., p. 365.

  36. 36.

    Russia’s Secret War, op. cit. Used with permission.

  37. 37.

    Russia’s Secret War, op. cit. Used with permission.

  38. 38.

    Volume 1: The Korean War, op. cit., p. 156. Author’s interview with Russian Deputy Foreign Minister George Kunadze, December 18, 1991, Moscow.

  39. 39.

    Volume 1: The Korean War, op. cit., pp. 156–157 Author’s interview with Mr. Valerii Musatov, March 29, 1992, Moscow.

  40. 40.

    Russia’s Secret War. Used with permission.

  41. 41.

    Volume 1: The Korean War, op. cit., p. 92.

  42. 42.

    Volume 2: WWII and Early Cold War, op. cit., p. 21.

  43. 43.

    Volume 1: The Korean War, op. cit., p. 92.

  44. 44.

    “In the F-86A model, cables connected to hydraulic actuators moved the control surfaces, but the –E eliminated the cables in favor of a completely hydraulic system for operating control surfaces. The –E also used an all-moving horizontal stabilizer. The combination improved maneuverability at high speeds without the need for trim tabs. Artificial feel was built into the aircraft controls using weights and bungee springs, which let the pilot feel normal stick forces that were still light enough for superior combat patrol.” “To Snatch a Sabre,” op. cit.

  45. 45.

    77-Page Report, op. cit., pp. 12–15.

  46. 46.

    Paul Lashmar interview with Colonel (ret.) Walker “Bud” Melville Mahurin, Russia’s Secret War, Orange County, California, 1994. Used with permission.

  47. 47.

    Paul Lashmar interview with Colonel (ret.) Walker “Bud” Melville Mahurin, op. cit.

  48. 48.

    Paul Lashmar interview with Colonel (ret.) Walker “Bud” Melville Mahurin, op. cit.

  49. 49.

    Volume 1: The Korean War, op. cit., p. 92, citing: Memorandum to Assistant Chief of Staff, G-2 Intelligence, Department of the Army (SECRET), from Gilbert R. Levy, Chief, Counterintelligence Division, Directorate of Special Investigations, The Inspector General, Department of the Air Force, subject: Espionage and Sabotage – Espionage Missions Assigned Repatriated Prisoners of War, WAR CRIMES, June 14, 1954.

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Cole, P.M. (2018). Findings and Conclusions. In: POW/MIA Accounting. Palgrave Macmillan, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-7128-7_15

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