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Authorization, Policy, Implementation, and Oversight

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POW/MIA Accounting
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Abstract

The US government’s program to account for service members who went missing during America’s historic conflicts is a product of politics, authorization, policy, and an implementation plan that is subject to Congressional oversight.

This chapter establishes how the US Congress authorized an idiosyncratic accounting program that focused on the recovery and identification of human remains. No other nation, including those that lost hundreds of thousands of casualties including tens of thousands who went missing, has conducted an effort remotely similar to the US program.

Dr. Cole demonstrates that “fullest possible accounting,” which has never been authorized as policy by Congress, is an unachievable standard.

Dr. Cole relies on fresh primary sources to document how the accounting program grew to extraordinary proportions due primarily to “mission creep” as well as to the fact that Congress failed to provide oversight meaningful oversight of the scientific segment of the program.

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Notes

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    “The Unburied Dead” Estella Weiss-Krejci, The Oxford Handbook of the Archaeology of Death and Burial, edited by Sarah Tarlow and Liv Nilsson Stutz, (Oxford University Press, 2013), p. 288-9.

  5. 5.

    “A Curious Trade: The Recovery and Repatriation of U.S. Missing In Action from the Vietnam War,” Sarah Wagner , Comparative Studies in Society and History, 2015, p. 168.

  6. 6.

    Americans Missing In Southeast Asia – FINAL REPORT – Together with Additional and Separate Views of the Select Committee on Missing Persons in Southeast Asia, U.S. House of Representatives, Government Printing Office, December 13, 1976, p. 168.

  7. 7.

    House Select Committee Hearing, Final Report, op. cit., December 13, 1976, p. 209.

  8. 8.

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  9. 9.

    The Ranger Creed which states, “I will always keep myself mentally alert, physically strong and morally straight,” is almost identical to the Boy Scout Oath (or Promise) which states, “To keep myself physically strong, mentally awake, and morally straight.”

  10. 10.

    “The Unburied Dead” Estella Weiss-Krejci, The Oxford Handbook of the Archaeology of Death and Burial, edited by Sarah Tarlow and Liv Nilsson Stutz, (Oxford University Press, 2013), p. 288.

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    “Regulatory Capture,” Investopedia, undated. http://www.investopedia.com/terms/r/regulatory-capture.asp

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    POW/MIA Affairs: Issues Related to the Identification of Human Remains From the Vietnam Conflict, (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Accountability Office, Report NSIAD-93-7, Published October 14, 1992, released to the public November 20, 1992), pp. 63–64.

  18. 18.

    Oversight And Status Of POW/MIA Activities, House Committee on Armed Services, Military Personnel Subcommittee, July 10, 2008, p. 99 and 101.

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    “JPAC Mission Needs Reform,” Honolulu Star-Advertiser, August 17, 2013. https://www.pressreader.com/usa/honolulu-star-advertiser/20130825/285507953395459

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  21. 21.

    “Wide Area Telephone Service” (WATS) was a flat-rate long-distance service.

  22. 22.

    “The Myth of the Lost POWs,” James Rosenthal, New Republic, July 1, 1985. http://www.newrepublic.com/article/world/90232/pow-mia-vietnam-ronald-reagan

  23. 23.

    A Review of the 1998 National Intelligence Estimate on POW/MIA Issues and the Charges Levied by a Critical Assessment of the Estimate, A Joint Report of the Department of Defense and Central Intelligence Agency (1999-5974-IG, 00-OIR-04), February 29, 2000, p. 16.

  24. 24.

    Memorandum For: Deputy Director of Central Intelligence From: Director, External Affairs Subject: Briefing of the House Task Force on POW/MIAs, 8 December 1981. https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP84B00049R001002470002-1.pdf

  25. 25.

    Memorandum for the Honorable John N. McMahon, Deputy Director of Central Intelligence From: Richard T. Childress, National Security Council Subject: Narrative on POW/MIA Issue By SIG(I) SECRET/NO FORN May 17, 1985. https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP91B00874R000100080002-2.pdf

  26. 26.

    “Lt. Colonel Richard T. Childress served in a variety of posts within the National Security Council (NSC) during the Reagan administration. However, his focus in all offices was resolution of the Prisoners of War/Missing in Action (POW/MIA) issues following the United States military involvement in Vietnam , Cambodia and Laos in the 1960s–1970s.” “Childress , Richard T.: File, 1981–1988 – Reagan Library Collections” https://reaganlibrary.archives.gov/archives/textual/smof/childres.pdf. For the reference to the alleged affair, see The Bamboo Cage, op. cit.

  27. 27.

    The Bamboo Cage: The Full Story of the American Servicemen Still Missing in Action in Vietnam, Nigel Cawthorne, (SP Books, 1994), p. 165. https://books.google.com/books?id=qUT64D6vODUC&pg=PA165&lpg=PA165&dq=mills-griffiths+families+have+to+wait&source=bl&ots=9hfz8rjhCB&sig=g8Ea891HHPH-VxzVkjlocZ6Ye-s&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjG5_nwte3TAhUo9YMKHYFGCtgQ6AEISTAJ#v=onepage&q=mills-griffiths%20families%20have%20to%20wait&f=false

  28. 28.

    Toon Mission to Moscow: New Information on POW/MIAs, Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Asian and Pacific Affairs of the Committee on Foreign Affairs, House of Representatives, July 1, 1992, op. cit., p. 63. Mr. Gerald B. H. Solomon (R-NY), who represented New York’s 22nd district, served as the Chairman of the House Task Force on POW/MIAs, led a Congressional Delegation to Hanoi in February 1986 to meet with Vietnamese Deputy Foreign Minister Hoang Bich Son.

  29. 29.

    “The Myth of the Lost POWs,” op. cit.

  30. 30.

    National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Years 1992 and 1993, Section 1084. Display of POW/MIA Flag. December 5, 1991. https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/102/hr2100/text

  31. 31.

    “The Unburied Dead,” Estella Weiss-Krejci, in The Oxford Handbook of the Archaeology of Death and Burial, edited by Sarah Tarlow and Liv Nilsson Stutz (Oxford University Press, 2013), p. 289.

  32. 32.

    NDAA FY2010, §1509(C)(3)(A).

  33. 33.

    The Remains of War: Bodies, Politics, and the Search for American Soldiers Unaccounted For in Southeast Asia, Thomas M. Hawley (Duke University Press, 2005), p. 84. https://books.google.com/books?id=PWnxkNOoPBoC&pg=PA83&lpg=PA83&dq=define:+%22fullest+possible+accounting%22&source=bl&ots=20m6qIeLnK&sig=aB3L-Z4hZl8rhTeuvL31hzt3C9s&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwibp63265DUAhXDLyYKHbjYCZYQ6AEISDAI#v=onepage&q=define%3A%20%22fullest%20possible%20accounting%22&f=false

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    “A Bizspeak Blacklist,” Bryan Garner, LawProse, (undated) drawn from Garner’s book, Harvard Business Review Guide to Better Business Writing. http://www.lawprose.org/a-bizspeak-blacklist/

  35. 35.

    “Buzzwords are evil and must be stopped,” Rex Huppke, Chicago Tribune, May 20, 2013. http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2013-05-20/business/ct-biz-0520-work-advice-huppke-20130520-3_1_buzzwords-terms-phrases

  36. 36.

    Criticism of Language, Stories, & Persuasion: Understanding Power and Culture, “Condensation Symbols & Ideographs: Persuasion to Culture,” by John A. Cagle (undated). http://slideplayer.com/slide/7388516/

  37. 37.

    Politics and the English Language, George Orwell (1946). http://www.npr.org/blogs/ombudsman/Politics_and_the_English_Language-1.pdf

  38. 38.

    President Gerald Ford , Remarks at the Annual Convention of the National League of Families of American Prisoners and Missing in Southeast Asia, July 24, 1976. https://books.google.com/books?id=KYTVAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA2086&lpg=PA2086&dq=%22fullest+possible+accounting%22+1976&source=bl&ots=e7fLphynLg&sig=LOHYB1xF-yVAqXOVfLrVchb91cA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjjh8u14_zTAhULr1QKHfkkAxQQ6AEIKjAC#v=onepage&q=%22fullest%20possible%20accounting%22%201976&f=false

  39. 39.

    “The United States and Vietnam : Road to Normalization,” Frederick Z. Brown, in Honey and Vinegar: Incentives, Sanctions, and Foreign Policy, edited by Richard N. Haass and Meghan L. O’Sullivan (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, September 19, 2001), p. 139. https://books.google.com/books?id=gA_HrGU6HM8C&pg=PA139&lpg=PA139&dq=%22fullest+possible+accounting%22+1976&source=bl&ots=YKvGbRAk78&sig=ciXMygWv0mxQgTZ8Usn-WI0I2iA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjjh8u14_zTAhULr1QKHfkkAxQQ6AEIIjAA#v=onepage&q&f=false

  40. 40.

    POW/MIA Databases and Documents, Library of Congress, December 8, 2015. http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/pow/senate_house/investigation_H.html

  41. 41.

    House Select Committee Hearing, final report, December 13, 1976, p. 196.

  42. 42.

    “Behind the Doors at JPAC,” Robert Widener, VFW, April 2007, p. 3. https://www.vfw.org/-/media/vfwsite/files/community/pow-mia-info.pdf?la=en

  43. 43.

    House Select Committee, final report, December 13, 1976, p. 224, citing an interview conducted by Barbara Walters on the NBC “Today Show,” May 16, 1976. The Select Committee report inexplicably states that Secretary Kissinger made these comments in May 1969. Kissinger did not become Secretary of State until September 1973. In May 1969 Kissinger was President Nixon ’s national security advisor, not secretary of state.

  44. 44.

    Dead Men Do Tell Tales: The Strange and Fascinating Cases of a Forensic Anthropologist, William R. Maples and Michael Browning (Crown/Archetype: September 1, 2010), p. 210. https://books.google.com/books?id=ZKBpdieuov4C&pg=PA201&lpg=PA201&dq=Tadao+Furue&source=bl&ots=CoA0TNmt9L&sig=b6QSTA4TKpiVftkc090WfbgKies&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj5i-HC9KfLAhVM12MKHQFADcoQ6AEIRjAI#v=onepage&q=Tadao%20Furue&f=false

  45. 45.

    National POW/MIA Recognition Day Proclamation, President George, H. W. Bush, July 28, 1989. http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=17364

  46. 46.

    “Prepared Statement by Mr. Alan C. Ptak to the Asia-Pacific Subcommittee of the House Foreign Affairs Committee,” July 1, 1992. Toon Mission to Moscow, op. cit., p. 35.

  47. 47.

    USCINCPAC Command History 1992 Volume 1, October 29, 1993, p. 29. Originally classified SECRET, de-classified by USCINCPAC on October 10, 1997. http://nautilus.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/1992.pdf

  48. 48.

    Organizational Structure Review of the Personnel Accounting Community, Final Report, Cost Assessment & Program Evaluation, Office of the Secretary of Defense, March 28, 2014, p. 1. http://www.cape.osd.mil/files/OrgStructureReviewPersonnelAccountingCommunity.pdf

  49. 49.

    USCINCPAC Command History 1992 Volume 1, op. cit., p. 172.

  50. 50.

    http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=59349

  51. 51.

    GAO/NSIAD-93-7. http://www.gao.gov/assets/160/152704.pdf

  52. 52.

    Defense Prisoner of War/Missing in Action Office (DPMO), DoD Directive 5110.10, July 16, 1993. https://biotech.law.lsu.edu/blaw/dodd/corres/pdf/d511010_071693/d511010p.pdf. A DoD Executive Agent is an agency that provides services throughout the department.

  53. 53.

    Evaluation Report No. 96-023. http://www.dodig.mil/audit/reports/fy96/96-023.pdf

  54. 54.

    Project No. 6RB-5047. http://www.dodig.mil/audit/reports/fy97/97-096.pdf

  55. 55.

    “Senator Barbara Boxer sent a letter to the Inspector General, DoD, on April 29, 1996, requesting an investigation of allegations of DoD negligence that were based on an article in the San Jose Mercury News, April 28, 1996. On May 28, 1996, the Inspector General, DoD, also received a letter from Senator Robert Smith , Congressman Benjamin Gilman , and Congressman Robert Dornan . That letter requested an audit of the alleged misuse of U.S. funds; the basis for previously negotiated rates paid to Vietnamese and Laotian officials for research and joint field activities (JFAs); and the total costs of U.S. services, supplies, and assistance provided to the Socialist Republic of Vietnam and Lao Peoples Democratic Republic.”

  56. 56.

    p. 20.

  57. 57.

    “Vietnam Crypt at Arlington to Remain Empty,” Jim Garamone, DoD News, June 17, 1999. http://archive.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=42737

  58. 58.

    http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=47922

  59. 59.

    Presidential Determination 2001–15 of May 11, 2001, “Cooperation by Vietnam in Accounting for United States Prisoners of War and Missing in Action.” https://books.google.com/books?id=ZCY5AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA893&lpg=PA893&dq=define:+%22fullest+possible+accounting%22&source=bl&ots=QuKHOsGOIj&sig=x1xCBEDF5ymZJCyMN0CFRfGfa-U&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi6nPraoMrTAhWBwiYKHYLLBHY4ChDoAQgrMAM#v=onepage&q=define%3A%20%22fullest%20possible%20accounting%22&f=false

  60. 60.

    Memorandum from Dr. Paul M. Cole , ORISE Fellow, Joint POW/MIA Accounting Command , to MoC Joe Wilson, Chairman, Subcommittee on Military Personnel, and MoC Susan Davis, Ranking Member, Subcommittee on Military Personnel, October 14, 2013. http://www.pmcole.com/HASC_Memo_files/HASC%20Memo%20Oct%202013%20-%20Final.pdf

  61. 61.

    Defense POW/MIA Accounting Agency (DPAA), DoD Directive 5110.10, January 13, 2017. http://www.dtic.mil/whs/directives/corres/pdf/511010_dodd_2017.pdf

  62. 62.

    DoD Directive 2310.07, April 12, 2017. http://www.dtic.mil/whs/directives/corres/pdf/231007p.pdf

  63. 63.

    “Accounting for Absent Bodies: The Politics and Jurisprudence of the Missing Persons Act,” Thomas M. Hawley, Studies in Law, Politics and Society, Volume 28, Spring 2003, pp. 75–95. http://www.emeraldinsight.com/doi/abs/10.1016/S1059-4337%2802%2928003-5

  64. 64.

    House Select Committee, final report, December 13, 1976, pp. 197–8.

  65. 65.

    Congressional Oversight, Frederick M. Kaiser, Specialist in American National Government, Government and Finance Division, Congressional Research Service, 97-936 GVO, January 2, 2001, p. CR-2. https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/resources/pdf/CRS.Oversight.pdf

  66. 66.

    National Defense Authorization Act For Fiscal Year 2014, Legislative Text and Joint Explanatory Statement to Accompany H. R. 3304 Public Law 113-66, December 2013 Subtitle 1 – Other Matters Sec. 581 Accounting for Members of the Armed Forces and Department of Defense Civilian Employees Listed as Missing and Related Reports, p. 105.

  67. 67.

    Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations Historical Background, U.S. Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs, December 1, 2000. https://www.hsgac.senate.gov/subcommittees/investigations/media/permanent-subcommittee-on-investigations-historical-background

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Cole, P.M. (2018). Authorization, Policy, Implementation, and Oversight. In: POW/MIA Accounting. Palgrave Macmillan, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-7128-7_1

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