Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Management of Peritoneal Metastases- Cytoreductive Surgery, HIPEC and Beyond pp 31–77Cite as

Cytoreductive Surgery for Peritoneal Metastases: Principles and Techniques

  • Chapter
  • First Online:

Abstract

The technique of cytoreductive surgery (CRS) was first formally described by Paul Sugarbaker. It is a complex surgical procedure comprising of peritonectomies and visceral resections. Since the first publication about 25 years ago, various aspects of the procedure have been described in greater detail, and some techniques have been modified and refined by other surgeons as well. Training at an expert center is the best way to understand and learn this procedure; however, each surgeon in their practice faces difficult situations while on the learning curve and even thereafter. This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of the rationale, techniques, and patient selection for CRS published in literature. A careful study of the published experiences of experts can guide surgeons on what to resect, how much, how, when, in whom, and how to manage the patient thereafter. A knowledge of the pathophysiology of peritoneal cancer spread forms the basis of providing this treatment and developing innovative therapies for future use.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   69.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   99.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Esquivel J. Current status and future directions of Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy (HIPEC). Intervent Oncol. 2014;2(6):E45–52.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Lemoine L, Sugarbaker P, Van der Speeten K. Pathophysiology of colorectal peritoneal carcinomatosis: role of the peritoneum. World J Gastroenterol. 2016;22(34):7692–707. https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v22.i34.7692.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  3. Standring S, editor. Gray’s anatomy. 41st ed. London: Elsevier; 2015.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Meyers MA, Charnsangavej C, Oliphant M. Meyers’ dynamic radiology of the abdomen. 6th ed. New York: Springer; 2011. p. 23–34.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  5. Yoo E, Kim JH, Kim MJ, et al. Greater and lesser omenta: normal anatomy and pathologic processes. Radiographics. 2007;27(3):707–20.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Charnsangavej C, DuBrow RA, Varma DG, Herron DH, Robinson TJ, Whitley NO. CT of the mesocolon: part 1—anatomic considerations. Radiographics. 1993;13(5):1035–45.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Solass W, Struller F, Horvath P, Königsrainer A, Sipos B, Weinreich F. Morphology of the peritoneal cavity and pathophysiological consequences. Pleura Peritoneum. 2016;1(4):193–201.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Kim S, Kim TU, Lee JW, et al. The perihepatic space: comprehensive anatomy and CT features of pathologic conditions. Radiographics. 2007;27(1):129–43.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Tirkes T, Sandrasegaran K, Patel AA, Hollar MA, Tejada JG, Tann M, et al. Peritoneal and retroperitoneal anatomy and its relevance for cross-sectional imaging. Radiographics. 2012;32:437–51.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Verger C. Peritoneal ultrastructure. In: Nolph KD, editor. Peritoneal dialysis. Boston: Martinus Nijhoff; 1985. p. 95–113.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  11. Henderson LW. The problem of peritoneal membrane area and permeability. Kidney Int. 1973;3:409–10.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Mion CM, Boen ST. Analysis of factors responsible for the formation of adhesions during chronic peritoneal dialysis. Am J Med Sci. 1965;250:675–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Knapowski J, Feder E, Simon M, Zabel M. Evaluation of the participation of parietal peritoneum in dialysis: physiological morphological and pharmacological data. Proc Eur Dial Transplant Assoc. 1979;16:155–64.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Rubin J, Clawson M, Planch A, Jones Q. Measurements of peritoneal surface area in man and rats. Am J Med Sci. 1988;295:453–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Esperanca MJ, Collins DL. Peritoneal dialysis efficiency in relation to body weight. J Pediatr Surg. 1966;1:162–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Baron MA. Structure of the intestinal peritoneum in man. Am J Anat. 1941;69:439.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Mutsaers SE, Wilkosz S. Structure and function of mesothelial cells. Cancer Treat Res. 2007;134:1–19.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. van der Wal JB, Jeekel J. Biology of the peritoneum in normal homeostasis and after surgical trauma. Color Dis. 2007;9(Suppl 2):9–13.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Liu J, Geng X, Li Y. Tumor Biol. 2016;37:5715. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13277-016-4887-3.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Van Vugt E, Van Rijthoven EAM, Kamperdijk EWA, Beelen RHJ. Omental milky spots in the local immune response in the peritoneal cavity of rats. Anat Rec. 1996;244:235–45.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Clark R, Krishnan V, Schoof M, Rodriguez I, Theriault B, Chekmareva M, et al. Milky spots promote ovarian cancer metastatic colonization of peritoneal adipose in experimental models. Am J Pathol. 2013;183:576–91.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  22. Sedlacek AL, Gerber SA, Randall TD, van Rooijen N, Frelinger JG, Lord EM. Generation of a dual-functioning antitumor immune response in the peritoneal cavity. Am J Pathol. 2013;183:1318–28.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  23. Oosterling SJ, van der Bij GJ, Bögels M, van der Sijp JR, Beelen RH, Meijer S, et al. Insufficient ability of omental milky spots to prevent peritoneal tumor outgrowth supports omentectomy in minimal residual disease. Cancer Immunol Immunother. 2006;55:1043–51.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Krist LF, Kerremans M, Broekhuis-Fluitsma DM, Eestermans IL, Meyer S, Beelen RH. Milky spots in the greater omentum are predominant sites of local tumour cell proliferation and accumulation in the peritoneal cavity. Cancer Immunol Immunother. 1998;47:205–12.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Kassis J, Klominek J, Kohn EC. Tumor microenvironment: what can effusions teach us? Diagn Cytopathol. 2005;33:316–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Kulbe H, Chakravarty P, Leinster DA, Charles KA, Kwong J, Thompson RG, et al. A dynamic inflammatory cytokine network in the human ovarian cancer microenvironment. Cancer Res. 2012;72:66–75.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Robinson-Smith TM, Isaacsohn I, Mercer CA, Zhou M, Van Rooijen N, Husseinzadeh N, et al. Macrophages mediate inflammation-enhanced metastasis of ovarian tumors in mice. Cancer Res. 2007;67:5708–16.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Nieman KM, Kenny HA, Penicka CV, Ladanyi A, Buell-Gutbrod R, Zillhardt MR, et al. Adipocytes promote ovarian cancer metastasis and provide energy for rapid tumor growth. Nat Med. 2011;17:1498–503.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  29. Mochizuki Y, Nakanishi H, Kodera Y, Ito S, Yamamura Y, Kato T, et al. TNF-alpha promotes progression of peritoneal metastasis as demonstrated using a green fluorescence protein (GFP)-tagged human gastric cancer cell line. Clin Exp Metastasis. 2004;21:39–47.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Stadlmann S, Raffeiner R, Amberger A, Margreiter R, Zeimet AG, Abendstein B, et al. Disruption of the integrity of human peritoneal mesothelium by interleukin-1beta and tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Virchows Arch. 2003;443:678–85.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Solass W, Horvath P, Struller F, Königsrainer I, Beckert S, Königsrainer A, Weinreich F, Schenk M. Functional vascular anatomy of the peritoneum in health and disease. Pleura Peritoneum. 2016;1(3):145–58.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. De Bree E, Tsiftsis D. Principles of perioperative intraperitoneal chemotherapy for peritoneal carcinomatosis. In: Gonzalez Moreno S, editor. Advances in peritoneal surface oncology. New York: Springer; 2007.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Dedrick RL, Myers CE, Bungay PM, DeVita VT Jr. Pharmacokinetic rationale for peritoneal drug administration in the treatment of ovarian cancer. Cancer Treat Rep. 1978;62:1–11.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Sheth S, Horton KM, Garland MR, Fishman EK. Mesenteric neoplasms: CT appearances of primary and secondary tumors and differential diagnosis. Radiographics. 2003;23:457–473.; quiz 535-536. https://doi.org/10.1148/rg.232025081.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Oliphant M, Berne AS. Computed tomography of the subperitoneal space: demonstration of direct spread of intraabdominal disease. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 1982;6:1127–37. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004728-198212000-00014.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Levy AD, Arnáiz J, Shaw JC, Sobin LH. From the archives of the AFIP: primary peritoneal tumors: imaging features with pathologic correlation. Radiographics. 2008;28:583–607.; quiz 621-622. https://doi.org/10.1148/rg.282075175.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Karaosmanoglu D, Karcaaltincaba M, Oguz B, Akata D, Ozmen M, Akhan O. CT findings of lymphoma with peritoneal, omental and mesenteric involvement: peritoneal lymphomatosis. Eur J Radiol. 2009;71:313–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrad.2008.04.012.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Sugarbaker PH. Pseudomyxoma peritonei. A cancer whose biology is characterized by a redistribution phenomenon. Ann Surg. 1994;219(2):109–11.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  39. Lengyel E. Ovarian cancer development and metastasis. Am J Pathol. 2010;177(3):1053–64. https://doi.org/10.2353/ajpath.2010.100105.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  40. Le O. Patterns of peritoneal spread of tumor in the abdomen and pelvis. World J Radiol. 2013;5(3):106–12. https://doi.org/10.4329/wjr.v5.i3.106.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  41. Murphy EM, Sexton R, Moran BJ. Early results of surgery in 123 patients with pseudomyxoma peritonei from a perforated appendiceal neoplasm. Dis Colon Rectum. 2007;50:37–42.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Kostić Z, Cuk V, Bokun R, Ignjatović D, Usaj-Knezević S, Ignjatović M. Detection of free cancer cells in peritoneal cavity in patients surgically treated for gastric adenocarcinoma. Vojnosanit Pregl. 2006;63:349–56.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Hirohashi S. Inactivation of the E-cadherin-mediated cell adhesion system in human cancers. Am J Pathol. 1998;153:333–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  44. Yilmaz M, Christofori G. EMT, the cytoskeleton, and cancer cell invasion. Cancer Metastasis Rev. 2009;28:15–33.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Hudson LG, Zeineldin R, Stack MS. Phenotypic plasticity of neoplastic ovarian epithelium: unique cadherin profiles in tumor progression. Clin Exp Metastasis. 2008;25:643–55.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  46. Patel IS, Madan P, Getsios S, Bertrand M, MacCalman C. Cadherin switching in ovarian cancer progression. Int J Cancer. 2003;106:172–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Imai T, Horiuchi A, Wang C, Oka K, Ohira S, Nikaido T, Konishi I. Hypoxia attenuates the expression of E-cadherin via up-regulation of SNAIL in ovarian carcinoma cells. Am J Pathol. 2003;163:1437–47.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  48. Kusamura S, Baratti D, Zaffaroni N, et al. Pathophysiology and biology of peritoneal carcinomatosis. World J Gastrointest Oncol. 2010;2(1):12–8. https://doi.org/10.4251/wjgo.v2.i1.12.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  49. Carmignani CP, Sugarbaker TA, Bromley CM, Sugarbaker PH. Intraperitoneal cancer dissemination: mechanisms of the patterns of spread. Cancer Metastasis Rev. 2003;22:465–72.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Jayne DG. The molecular biology of peritoneal carcinomatosis from gastrointestinal cancer. Ann Acad Med Singap. 2003;32:219–25.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Jayne DG, O’Leary R, Gill A, Hick A, Guillou PJ. A three-dimensional in-vitro model for the study of peritoneal tumour metastasis. Clin Exp Metastasis. 1999;17:515–23.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Heath RM, Jayne DG, O’Leary R, Morrison EE, Guillou PJ. Tumour-induced apoptosis in human mesothelial cells: a mechanism of peritoneal invasion by Fas Ligand/Fas interaction. Br J Cancer. 2004;90(7):1437–42. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.bjc.6601635.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  53. Yonemura Y, Kawamura T, Bandou E, Tsukiyama G, Endou Y, Miura M. The natural history of free cancer cells in the peritoneal cavity. In: Gonzalez-Moreno S, editor. Advances in peritoneal surface oncology. Berlin: Springer; 2007. p. 11–23.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  54. Davies DE, Farmer S, White J, Senior PV, Warnes SL, Alexander P. Contribution of host-derived growth factors to in vivo growth of a transplantable murine mammary carcinoma. Br J Cancer. 1994;70:263–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  55. Masoumi Moghaddam S, Amini A, Morris DL, Pourgholami MH. Significance of vascular endothelial growth factor in growth and peritoneal dissemination of ovarian cancer. Cancer Metastasis Rev. 2012;31(1–2):143–62. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10555-011-9337-5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Lopes Cardozo AM, Gupta A, Koppe MJ, et al. Metastatic pattern of CC531 colon carcinoma cells in the abdominal cavity: an experimental model of peritoneal carcinomatosis in rats. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2001;27:359–63.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Gerber SA, Rybalko VY, Bigelow CE, et al. Preferential attachment of peritoneal tumor metastases to omental immune aggregates and possible role of a unique vascular microenvironment in metastatic survival and growth. Am J Pathol. 2006;169:1739–52.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  58. Klopp AH, Zhang Y, Solley T, et al. Omental adipose tissue- derived stromal cells promote vascularization and growth of endometrial tumors. Clin Cancer Res. 2012;18:771–82.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Nowicka A, Marini FC, Solley TN, et al. Human omental-derived adipose stem cells increase ovarian cancer proliferation, migration, and chemoresistance. PLoS One. 2013;8:e81859.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Koppe MJ, Nagtegaal ID, de Wilt JH, Ceelen WP. Recent insights into the pathophysiology of omental metastases. J Surg Oncol. 2014;110:670–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Sangisetty SL, Miner TJ. Malignant ascites: a review of prognostic factors, pathophysiology and therapeutic measures. World J Gastrointest Surg. 2012;4(4):87–95. https://doi.org/10.4240/wjgs.v4.i4.87.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  62. Ammouri L, Prommer EE. Palliative treatment of malignant ascites: profile of catumaxomab. Biologics. 2010;4:103–10.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  63. Logan-Collins JM, Lowy AM, Robinson-Smith TM, Kumar S, Sussman JJ, James LE, Ahmad SA. VEGF expression predicts survival in patients with peritoneal surface metastases from mucinous adenocarcinoma of the appendix and colon. Ann Surg Oncol. 2008;15:738–44.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Rosa M, Abdelbaqi M, Bui KM, Nasir A, Bui MM, Shibata D, Coppola D. Overexpression of vascular endothelial growth factor a in invasive micropapillary colorectal carcinoma. Cancer Control. 2015;22:206–10.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Yang X, Zhang Y, Hosaka K, Andersson P, Wang J, Tholander F, Cao Z, Morikawa H, Tegnér J, Yang Y, et al. VEGF-B promotes cancer metastasis through a VEGF-A-independent mechanism and serves as a marker of poor prognosis for cancer patients. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2015;112:E2900–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  66. Chen H, Guan R, Lei Y, Chen J, Ge Q, Zhang X, Dou R, Chen H, Liu H, Qi X, et al. Lymphangiogenesis in gastric cancer regulated through Akt/mTOR-VEGF-C/VEGF-D axis. BMC Cancer. 2015;15:103.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Lee S, Chen TT, Barber CL, Jordan MC, Murdock J, Desai S, Ferrara N, Nagy A, Roos KP, Iruela-Arispe ML. Autocrine VEGF signaling is required for vascular homeostasis. Cell. 2007;130:691–703.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  68. De Falco S, Gigante B, Persico MG. Structure and function of placental growth factor. Trends Cardiovasc Med. 2002;12:241–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Sugarbaker PH. Colorectal cancer: prevention and management of metastatic disease. Biomed Res Int. 2014., Article ID 782890;2014:11. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/782890.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  70. Havelaar IJ, Sugarbaker PH, Vermess M, Miller DL. Rate of growth of intraabdominal metastases from colorectal cancer. Cancer. 1984;54(1):163–71.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Joyce JA, Pollard JW. Microenvironment regulation of metastasis. Nat Rev Cancer. 2009;9:239–52.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Sugarbaker PH, Sammartino P, Tentes AA. Proactive management of peritoneal metastases from colorectal cancer: the next logical step toward optimal locoregional control. Colorect Cancer. 2012;1:115–23.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  73. Sugarbaker PH. It’s what the surgeon doesn’t see that kills the patient. J Nippon Med Sch. 2000;67:5–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Renzulli P, Lowy A, Maibach R, et al. The influence of the surgeon’s and the hospital’s caseload on survival and local recurrence after colorectal cancer surgery. Surgery. 2006;139:296–304.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Sugarbaker PH. Carcinoma of the colon-prognosis and operative choice. Curr Probl Surg. 1981;18:755–802.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  76. Averbach AM, Jacquet P, Sugarbaker PH. Surgical technique and colorectal cancer: impaction on local recurrence and survival. Tumori. 1995;81(supplement):65–71.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Carter JJ, Feingold DL, Kirman I, et al. Laparoscopic-assisted cecectomy is associated with decreased formation of postoperative pulmonary metastases compared with open cecectomy in a murine model. Surgery. 2003;134:432–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Canis M, Botchorishvili R, Wattiez A, et al. Cancer and laparoscopy, experimental studies: a review. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2000;91:1–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Jayne DG, Guillou PJ, Thorpe H, et al. Randomized trial of laparoscopic-assisted resection of colorectal carcinoma: 3-year results of the UK MRC CLASICC trial group. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25:3061–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Sugarbaker PH. Peritoneum as the first-line of defense in carcinomatosis. J Surg Oncol. 2007;95(2):93–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Sugarbaker PH. Management of peritoneal-surface malignancy: the surgeon’s role. Langenbeck’s Arch Surg. 1999;384:576–87.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Bao P, Bartlett D. Surgical techniques in visceral resection and peritonectomy procedures. Cancer J. 2009;15(3):204–11. https://doi.org/10.1097/PPO.0b013e3181a9c6f0.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Sugarbaker P, Sardi A, Brown G, et al. Concerning CT features used to select patients for treatment of peritoneal metastases, a pictoral essay. Int J Hyperth. 2017;33(5):497–504. https://doi.org/10.1080/02656736.2017.1317368.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  84. Sugarbaker PH. Peritonectomy procedures. Ann Surg. 1995;221(1):29–42.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  85. Sugarbaker PH. The subpyloric space: an important surgical and radiologic feature in pseudomyxoma peritonei. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2002;28:443–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Sugarbaker P. Cytoreductive surgery using peritonectomy and visceral resections for peritoneal surface malignancy. Transl Gastrointest Cancer. 2013;2(2):54–74.

    Google Scholar 

  87. Sugarbaker PH. Dissection by electrocautery with a ball tip. J Surg Oncol. 1994;56:246–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Sugarbaker PH. Laser-mode electrosurgery. Cancer Treat Res. 1996;82:375–85.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Zappa L, Sugarbaker PH. Compartment syndrome of the leg associated with lithotomy position for cytoreductive surgery. J Surg Oncol. 2007;96:619–23.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. de Lima Vazquez V, Sugarbaker PH. Xiphoidectomy. Gastric Cancer. 2003;6:127–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Sugarbaker PH. Cytoreductive surgery and perioperative chemotherapy: textbook and video atlas. Connecticut: Cine-Med Publishing; 2013.

    Google Scholar 

  92. Vazquez Vde L, Sugarbaker PH. Total anterior parietal peritonectomy. J Surg Oncol. 2003;83:261–3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Dagbert F, Passot G, Glehen O, Bakrin N. Glisson capsulectomy for extensive superficial liver involvement in peritoneal carcinomatosis (with video). J Visc Surg. 2015;152(5):332–3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Passot G, Kim BJ, Vaudoyer D, Kepenekian V, Bonnefoy I, Bakrin N, Cotte E, Glehen O. Digital glissonectomy: a safe perihepatic peritonectomy. Ann Surg Oncol. 2016;23(12):3978–85.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Pathiraja PNJ, Garruto-Campanile R, Tozzi R. Diaphragmatic peritonectomy versus full thickness diaphragmatic resection and pleurectomy during cytoreduction in patients with ovarian cancer. Int J Surg Oncol. 2013;2013:6. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/876150.

    Google Scholar 

  96. Deslauriers N, Olney H, Younan R. Splenectomy revisited in 2011: impact on hematologic toxicities while performing cytoreductive surgery and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy. J Gastrointest Oncol. 2011;2(2):61–3. https://doi.org/10.3978/j.issn.2078-6891.2011.019.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  97. Becher RD, Shen P, Stewart JH, Russell G, Bradley JF, Levine EA. Splenectomy ameliorates hematologic toxicity of hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy. J Gastrointest Oncol. 2011;2(2):70–6. https://doi.org/10.3978/j.issn.2078-6891.2011.011.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  98. Sugarbaker PH. Pont hepatique (hepatic bridge), an important anatomic structure in cytoreductive surgery. J Surg Oncol. 2010;101:251–2.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Han SS, Sugarbaker PH. Kocher maneuver to facilitate cytoreduction within the foramen of Winslow. J Surg Oncol. 2017;115(7):788–90. https://doi.org/10.1002/jso.24587. [Epub ahead of print]

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. Chang S-J, Bristow RE. Surgical technique of en bloc pelvic resection for advanced ovarian cancer. J Gynecol Oncol. 2015;26(2):155. https://doi.org/10.3802/jgo.2015.26.2.155.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  101. Bijelic L, Sugarbaker PH. Cytoreduction of the small bowel surfaces. J Surg Oncol. 2008;97:176–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Benhaim L, Honoré C, Goéré D, Delhorme JB, Elias D. Huge pseudomyxoma peritonei: surgical strategies and procedures to employ to optimize the rate of complete cytoreductive surgery. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2016;42(4):552–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejso.2016.01.015.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. Sugarbaker PH. Cytoreduction including total gastrectomy for pseudomyxoma peritonei. Br J Surg. 2002;89(2):208–12.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. Piso P, Slowik P, Popp F, Dahlke MH, Glockzin G, Schlitt HJ. Safety of gastric resections during cytoreductive surgery and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy for peritoneal carcinomatosis. Ann Surg Oncol. 2009;16(8):2188–94. https://doi.org/10.1245/s10434-009-0478-5. Epub 2009 May 2

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. Di Fabio F, Mehta A, Chandrakumaran K, Mohamed F, Cecil T, Moran B. Advanced pseudomyxoma peritonei requiring gastrectomy to achieve complete cytoreduction results in good long-term oncologic outcomes. Ann Surg Oncol. 2016;23(13):4316–21. Epub 2016 Jul 5

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  106. Liu Y, Mizumoto A, Ishibashi H, Takeshita K, Hirano M, Ichinose M, Takegawa S, Yonemura Y. Should total gastrectomy and total colectomy be considered for selected patients with severe tumor burden of pseudomyxoma peritonei in cytoreductive surgery? Eur J Surg Oncol. 2016;42(7):1018–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejso.2016.04.059.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. Foster JM, Gupta PK, Carreau JH, Grotz TE, Blas JV, Gatalica Z, Nath S, Loggie BW. Right hemicolectomy is not routinely indicated in pseudomyxoma peritonei. Am Surg. 2012;78(2):171–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  108. Hertel H, Diebolder H, Herrmann J, Köhler C, Kühne-Heid R, Possover M, Schneider A. Is the decision for colorectal resection justified by histopathologic findings: a prospective study of 100 patients with advanced ovarian cancer. Gynecol Oncol. 2001;83(3):481–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  109. Sugarbaker PH. Avoiding diverting ileostomy in patients requiring complete pelvic peritonectomy. Ann Surg Oncol. 2016;23(5):1481–5. https://doi.org/10.1245/s10434-015-4961-x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  110. Obermair A, Hagenauer S, Tamandl D, Clayton RD, Nicklin JL, Perrin LC, Ward BG, Crandon AJ. Safety and efficacy of low anterior en bloc resection as part of cytoreductive surgery for patients with ovarian cancer. Gynecol Oncol. 2001;83(1):115–20.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  111. Yildirim Y, Ertas IE, Nayki U, Ulug P, Nayki C, Yilmaz I, Gultekin E, Dogan A, Aykas A, Ulug S, Ozdemir A, Solmaz U. En-bloc pelvic resection with concomitant rectosigmoid colectomy and immediate anastomosis as part of primary cytoreductive surgery for patients with advanced ovarian cancer. Eur J Gynaecol Oncol. 2014;35(4):400–7. PMID: 25118481

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  112. Mourton SM, Temple LK, Abu-Rustum NR, Gemignani ML, Sonoda Y, Bochner BH, Barakat RR, Chi DS. Morbidity of rectosigmoid resection and primary anastomosis in patients undergoing primary cytoreductive surgery for advanced epithelial ovarian cancer. Gynecol Oncol. 2005;99(3):608–14. Epub 2005 Sep 8 PMID: 16153697

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  113. Sonnendecker EW, Beale PG. Rectosigmoid resection without colostomy during primary cytoreductive surgery for ovarian carcinoma. Int Surg. 1989;74(1):10–2.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  114. Riss S, Chandrakumaran K, Dayal S, Cecil TD, Mohamed F, Moran BJ. Risk of definitive stoma after surgery for peritoneal malignancy in 958 patients: comparative study between complete cytoreductive surgery and maximal tumor debulking. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2015;41(3):392–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejso.2014.09.002.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  115. Pokorny H, Herkner H, Jakesz R, Herbst F. Mortality and complications after stoma closure. Arch Surg. 2005;140:956–60. discussion 960

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  116. Mala T, Nesbakken A. Morbidity related to the use of a protective stoma in anterior resection for rectal cancer. Color Dis. 2008;10(8):785.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. de Cuba EM, Verwaal VJ, de Hingh IH, et al. Morbidity associated with colostomy reversal after cytoreductive surgery and HIPEC. Ann Surg Oncol. 2014;21:883–90.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  118. Doud AN, Randle RW, Clark CJ, Levine EA, Swett KR, Shen P, Stewart JH, Votanopoulos KI. Impact of distal pancreatectomy on outcomes of peritoneal surface disease treated with cytoreductive surgery and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy. Ann Surg Oncol. 2015;22(5):1645–50. https://doi.org/10.1245/s10434-014-3976-z.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  119. Schwarz L, Votanopoulos K, Morris D, Yonemura Y, Deraco M, Piso P, Moran B, Levine EA, Tuech JJ. Is the combination of distal pancreatectomy and cytoreductive surgery with HIPEC reasonable?: results of an international multicenter study. Ann Surg. 2016;263(2):369–75. https://doi.org/10.1097/SLA.0000000000001225.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  120. Mahdi H, Rose PG, Gonzalez S, DeBernardo R, Knight J, Michener C, Moselmi-Kebria M.Postoperative complications after distal pancreatectomy performed during cytoreductive surgery for gynecologic malignancies. Int J Gynecol Cancer. 2015;25(6):1128–33. https://doi.org/10.1097/IGC.0000000000000455.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  121. Bacalbasa N, Dima S, Brasoveanu V, et al. Liver resection for ovarian cancer liver metastases as part of cytoreductive surgery is safe and may bring survival benefit. World J Surg Oncol. 2015;13:235. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12957-015-0652-0.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  122. Yoon SS, Jarnagin WR, Fong Y, DeMatteo RP, Barakat RR, Blumgart LH, Chi DS. Resection of recurrent ovarian or fallopian tube carcinoma involving the liver. Gynecol Oncol. 2003;91(2):383–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ygyno.2003.07.005.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  123. O’Rourke TR, Tekkis P, Yeung S, Fawcett J, Lynch S, Strong R, et al. Long-term results of liver resection for non-colorectal, non-neuroendocrine metastases. Ann Surg Oncol. 2008;15(1):207–18. https://doi.org/10.1245/s10434-007-9649-4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  124. Gasparri ML, Grandi G, Bolla D, Gloor B, Imboden S, Panici PB, Mueller MD, Papadia A. Hepatic resection during cytoreductive surgery for primary or recurrent epithelial ovarian cancer. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 2016;142(7):1509–20. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00432-015-2090-3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  125. Meredith MA, Cliby WA, Keeney GL, Lesnick TG, Nagorney DM, Podratz KC. Hepatic resection for metachronous metastases from ovarian carcinoma. Gynecol Oncol. 2003;89:16–21.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  126. Yoon SS, Jarnagin WR, Fong Y, DeMatteo RP, Barakat RR, Blum- gart LH, Chi DS. Resection of recurrent ovarian or fallopian tube carcinoma involving the liver. Gynecol Oncol. 2003;91(2):383–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  127. Loizzi V, Rossi C, Cormio G, Cazzolla A, Altomare D, Selvaggi L. Clinical features of hepatic metastasis in patients with ovarian cancer. Int J Gynecol Cancer. 2005;15(1):26–31.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  128. Abood G, Bowen M, Potkul R, Aranha G, Shoup M. Hepatic resection for recurrent metastatic ovarian cancer. Am J Surg. 2008;195:370–3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  129. Pekmezci S, Saribeyoglu K, Aytac E, Arvas M, Demirkiran F, Ozguroglu M. Surgery for isolated liver metastasis of ovarian cancer. Asian J Surg. 2010;30(2):83–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  130. Roh HJ, Kim DY, Joo WD, Yoo HJ, Kim JH, Kim YM, Kim YT, Nam JH. Hepatic resection as part of secondary cytoreductive surgery for recurrent ovarian cancer involving the liver. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2011;284(5):1223–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  131. Niu G, Shen C, Cui W, Li Q. Hepatic resection is safe for metachronous hepatic metastases from ovarian cancer. Cancer Biol Med. 2012;9:182–7.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  132. Neumann UP, Fotopoulou C, Schmeding M, Thelen A, Papanikolaou G, Braicu EI, Neuhaus P, Sehouli J. Clinical outcome of patients with advanced ovarian cancer after resection of liver metastases. Anticancer Res. 2012;32(10):4517–21.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  133. Chi DS, Temkin SM, Abu-Rustum NR, Sabattini P, Jarnagin W, Blumgart LH. Major hepatectomy at interval debulking for stage IV ovarian carcinoma: a case report. Gynecol Oncol. 2002;87(1):138–42. https://doi.org/10.1006/gyno.2002.6717[17].

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  134. Loizzi V, Rossi C, Cormio G, Cazzolla A, Altomare D, Selvaggi L. Clinical features of hepatic metastasis in patients with ovarian cancer. Int J Gynecol Cancer. 2005;15(1):26–31. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1048-891x.2005.14406.x.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  135. Pelz JOW, Stojadinovic A, Nissan A, Hohenberger W, Esquivel J. Evaluation of a peritoneal surface disease severity score in patients with colon cancer with peritoneal carcinomatosis. J Surg Oncol. 2009;99:9–15. https://doi.org/10.1002/jso.21169.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  136. Fong Y, Fortner J, Sun RL, et al. Clinical score for predicting recurrence after hepatic resection for metastatic colorectal cancer: analysis of 1001 consecutive cases. Ann Surg. 1999;230:309–18.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  137. Elias D, Ouellet J-F, Bellon N, et al. Extrahepatic disease does not contraindicate hepatectomy for colorectal liver metastases. Br J Surg. 2003;90:567–74. https://doi.org/10.1002/bjs.4071.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  138. Kianmanesh R, Scaringi S, Sabate J-M, et al. Iterative cytoreductive surgery associated with hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy for treatment of peritoneal carcinomatosis of colorectal origin with or without liver metastases. Ann Surg. 2007;245:597–603. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.sla.0000255561.87771.11.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  139. Elias D, Benizri E, Pocard M, et al. Treatment of synchronous peritoneal carcinomatosis and liver metastases from colorectal cancer. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2006;32:632–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejso.2006.03.013.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  140. Varban O, Levine EA, Stewart JH, et al. Outcomes associated with cytoreductive surgery and intraperitoneal hyperthermic chemotherapy in colorectal cancer patients with peritoneal surface disease and hepatic metastases. Cancer. 2009;115:3427–36. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.24385.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  141. Elias D, Faron M, Goéré D, Dumont F, Honoré C, Boige V, Malka D, Ducreux MA. Simple tumor load-based nomogram for surgery in patients with colorectal liver and peritoneal metastases. Ann Surg Oncol. 2014;21(6):2052–8. https://doi.org/10.1245/s10434-014-3506-z.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  142. Kolev V, Pereira EB, Schwartz M, Sarpel U, Roayaie S, Labow D, Momeni M, Chuang L, Dottino P, Rahaman J, Zakashansky K. The role of liver resection at the time of secondary cytoreduction in patients with recurrent ovarian cancer. Int J Gynecol Cancer. 2014;24(1):70–4. https://doi.org/10.1097/IGC.0000000000000026.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  143. Darrad M, Harper S, Verghese A, Leveckis J, Pathak S. Synchronous and metachronous ureteric metastases from adenocarcinoma of the colon. Int J Clin Oncol. 2012;17(2):185–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  144. Honore C, Souadka A, Goere D, Dumont F, Deschamps F, Elias D. HIPEC for peritoneal carcinomatosis: does an associated urologic procedure increase morbidity? Ann Surg Oncol. 2012;19(1):104–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  145. van der Bij GJ, Oosterling SJ, Beelen RH, Meijer S, Coffey JC, van Egmond M. The perioperative period is an underutilized window of therapeutic opportunity in patients with colorectal cancer. Ann Surg. 2009;249(5):727–34.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  146. Braam HJ, van Oudheusden TR, de Hingh IH, Nienhuijs SW, Boerma D, Wiezer MJ, van Ramshorst B. Urological procedures in patients with peritoneal carcinomatosis of colorectal cancer treated with HIPEC: morbidity and survival analysis. Anticancer Res. 2015;35(1):295–300.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  147. Leapman MS, Jibara G, Tabrizian P, Franssen B, Yang MJ, Romanoff A, Hall SJ, Palese M, Sarpel U, Hiotis S, Labow D. Genitourinary resection at the time of cytoreductive surgery and heated intraperitoneal chemotherapy for peritoneal carcinomatosis is not associated with increased morbidity or worsened oncologic outcomes: a case-matched study. Ann Surg Oncol. 2014;21(4):1153–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  148. Smeenk RM, Bex A, Verwaal VJ, Horenblas S, Zoetmulder FA. Pseudomyxoma peritonei and the urinary tract: involvement and treatment related complications. J Surg Oncol. 2006;93(1):20–3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  149. Votanopoulos KI, Randle RW, Craven B, Swett KR, Levine EA, Shen P, Stewart JH, Mirzazadeh M. Significance of urinary tract involvement in patients treated with cytoreductive surgery (CRS) and Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy (HIPEC). Ann Surg Oncol. 2014;21(3):868–74.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  150. Segelman J, Floter-Radestad A, Hellborg H, Sjovall A, Martling A. Epidemiology and prognosis of ovarian metastases in colorectal cancer. Br J Surg. 2010;97:1704–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  151. Evers DJ, Verwaal VJ. Indication for oophorectomy during cytoreduction for intraperitoneal metastatic spread of colorectal or appendiceal origin. Br J Surg. 2011;98:287–92.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  152. Moore RG, Chung M, Granai CO, et al. Incidence of metastasis to the ovaries from nongenital tract primary tumors. Gynecol Oncol. 2004;93:87–91.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  153. Eveno C, Goéré D, Dartigues P, Honoré C, Dumont F, Tzanis D, Benhaim L, Malka D, Elias D. Ovarian metastasis is associated with retroperitoneal lymph node relapses in women treated for colorectal peritoneal carcinomatosis. Ann Surg Oncol. 2013;20(2):491–6. https://doi.org/10.1245/s10434-012-2623-9. Epub 2012 Sep 7

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  154. Ortega-Deballon P, Glehen O, Levine E, et al. Childbearing after hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy: results from an international survey. Ann Surg Oncol. 2011;18:2297.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  155. Sheehan L, Mehta A, Sawan S, et al. Preserving fertility in pseudomyxoma peritonei, a novel approach. Pleura Peritoneum. 2017;2(1):33–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  156. Glehen O, Osinsky D, Cotte E, Kwiatkowski F, Freyer G, Isaac S, et al. Intraperitoneal chemohyperthermia using a closed abdominal procedure and cytoreductive surgery for the treatment of peritoneal carcinomatosis: morbidity and mortality analysis of 216 consecutive procedures. Ann Surg Oncol. 2003;10:863–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  157. Verwaal VJ, van Tinteren H, Ruth SV, Zoetmulder FAN. Toxicity of cytoreductive surgery and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy. J Surg Oncol. 2004;85:61–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  158. Kusamura S, Younan R, Baratti D, Costanzo P, Favaro M, Gavazzi C, et al. Cytoreductive surgery followed by intraperitoneal hyperthermic perfusion: analysis of morbidity and mortality in 209 peritoneal surface malignancies treated with closed abdomen technique. Cancer. 2006;106:1144–53.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  159. Stephens AD, Alderman R, Chang D, Edwards GD, Esquivel J, Sebbag G, et al. Morbidity and mortality analysis of 200 treatments with cytoreductive surgery and hyperthermic intraoperative intraperitoneal chemotherapy using the coliseum technique. Ann Surg Oncol. 1999;6:790–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  160. Franko J, Gusani NJ, Holtzman MP, Ahrendt SA, Jones HL, Zeh HJ, Bartlett DL. Multivisceral resection does not affect morbidity and survival after cytoreductive surgery and chemoperfusion for carcinomatosis from colorectal cancer. Ann Surg Oncol. 2008;15(11):3065–72.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  161. Jacquet P, Sugarbaker PH. Clinical research methodologies in diagnosis and staging of patients with peritoneal carcinomatosis. Cancer Treat Res. 1996;82:359–74.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  162. Sugarbaker PH. Epithelial appendiceal neoplasms. Cancer J. 2009;15:225–35. https://doi.org/10.1097/PPO.0b013e3181a9c781.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  163. Ronnett BM, Shmookler BM, Sugarbaker PH, Kurman RJ. Pseudomyxoma peritonei: new concepts in diagnosis, origin, nomenclature, and relationship to mucinous borderline (low malignant potential) tumors of the ovary. Anat Pathol. 1997;2:197–226.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  164. Elias D, Gilly F, Boutitie F, et al. Peritoneal colorectal carcinomatosis treated with surgery and perioperative intraperitoneal chemotherapy: retrospective analysis of 523 patients from a multicentric French study. J Clin Oncol. 2009;23:9285.

    Google Scholar 

  165. Yan TD, Deraco M, Baratti D, et al. Cytoreductive surgery and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy for malignant peritoneal mesothelioma: multi-institutional experience. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27:6237–42. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2009.23.9640.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  166. Winer J, Zenati M, Ramalingam L, et al. Impact of aggressive histology and location of primary tumor on the efficacy of surgical therapy for peritoneal carcinomatosis of colorectal origin. Ann Surg Oncol. 2014;21:1456–62. https://doi.org/10.1245/s10434-013-3328-4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  167. Van Oudheusden TR, Braam HJ, Nienhuijs SW, et al. Poor outcome after cytoreductive surgery and HIPEC for colorectal peritoneal carcinomatosis with signet ring cell histology. J Surg Oncol. 2015;111(2):237–42. https://doi.org/10.1002/jso.23784.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  168. Simkens GA, van Oudheusden TR, Nieboer D, et al. Development of a prognostic nomogram for patients with peritoneally metastasized colorectal cancer treated with cytoreductive surgery and HIPEC. Ann Surg Oncol. 2016;23:4214–21. https://doi.org/10.1245/s10434-016-5211-6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  169. Mohkam K, Passot G, Cotte E, Bakrin N, Gilly FN, Ledochowski S, et al. Resectability of peritoneal carcinomatosis: learnings from a prospective cohort of 533 consecutive patients selected for cytoreductive surgery. Ann Surg Oncol. 2016;23:1261–70.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  170. Verwaal VJ, Kusamura S, Baratti D, et al. The eligibility for local-regional treatment of peritoneal surface malignancy. J Surg Oncol. 2008;98:220–3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  171. Yan TD, Morris DL, Kusamura S, et al. Preoperative investigations in the management of peritoneal surface malignancy with cytoreductive surgery and perioperative intraperitoneal chemotherapy. J Surg Oncol. 2008;98:224–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  172. Coakley FV, Choi PH, Gougoutas CA, et al. Peritoneal metastases: detection with spiral CT in patients with ovarian cancer. Radiology. 2002;223:495–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  173. Esquivel J, Chua TC, Stojadinovic A, et al. Accuracy and clinical relevance of computed tomography scan interpretation of peritoneal cancer index in colorectal cancer peritoneal carcinomatosis: a multi-institutional study. J Surg Oncol. 2010;102:565–70.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  174. Low RN. Preoperative and surveillance MR imaging of patients undergoing cytoreductive surgery and heated intraperitoneal chemotherapy. J Gastrointest Oncol. 2016;2:58–71. https://doi.org/10.3978/j.issn.2078-6891.2015.11.

    Google Scholar 

  175. Torkzad MR, Casta N, Bergman A, Ahlström H, Påhlman L, Mahteme H. Comparison between MRI and CT in prediction of peritoneal carcinomatosis index (PCI) in patients undergoing cytoreductive surgery in relation to the experience of the radiologist. J Surg Oncol. 2015;111(6):746–51. https://doi.org/10.1002/jso.23878.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  176. Passot G, Glehen O, Pellet O, et al. Pseudomyxoma peritonei: role of 18F-FDG PET in preoperative evaluation of pathological grade and potential for complete cytoreduction. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2010;36:315–23.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  177. Dromain C, Leboulleux S, Auperin A, et al. Staging of peritoneal carcinomatosis: enhanced CT vs. PET/CT. Abdom Imaging. 2008;33:87–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  178. Jacquet P, Jelinek JS, Chang D, et al. Abdominal computed tomographic scan in the selection of patients with mucinous peritoneal carcinomatosis for cytoreductive surgery. J Am Coll Surg. 1995;181:530–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  179. Yan TD, Haveric N, Carmignani CP, et al. Abdominal computed tomography scans in the selection of patients with malignant peritoneal mesothelioma for comprehensive treatment with cytoreductive surgery and perioperative intraperitoneal chemotherapy. Cancer. 2005;103:839–49.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  180. Jacquet P, Sugarbaker PH. Clinical research methodologies in diagnosis and staging of patients with peritoneal carcinomatosis. In: Sugarbaker PH, editor. Peritoneal carcinomatosis: principles of management. Boston: Kluwer; 1996. p. 359–74.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  181. Goéré D, Souadka A, Faron M, Cloutier AS, Viana B, Honoré C, Dumont F, Elias D. Extent of colorectal peritoneal carcinomatosis: attempt to define a threshold above which HIPEC does not offer survival benefit: a comparative study. Ann Surg Oncol. 2015;22(9):2958–64.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  182. Coccolini F, Catena F, Glehen O, Yonemura Y, Sugarbaker PH, Piso P, Montori G, Ansaloni L. Complete versus incomplete cytoreduction in peritoneal carcinosis from gastric cancer, with consideration to PCI cut-off. Systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2015;41(7):911–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  183. Villeneuve L, Thivolet A, Bakrin N, Mohamed F, Isaac S, Valette PJ, Glehen O, Rousset P, BIG-RENAPE and RENAPE Working Groups. A new internet tool to report peritoneal malignancy extent. PeRitOneal Mallgnancy Stage Evaluation (PROMISE) application. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2016;42(6):877–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejso.2016.03.015.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  184. Sugarbaker PH. Successful management of microscopic residual disease in large bowel cancer. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 1999;43:15–25.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  185. Bakrin N, Bereder JM, Decullier E, Classe JM, Msika S, Lorimier G, Abboud K, Meeus P, Ferron G, Quenet F, Marchal F, Gouy S, Morice P, Pomel C, Pocard M, Guyon F, Porcheron J, Glehen O, FROGHI (FRench Oncologic and Gynecologic HIPEC) Group. Peritoneal carcinomatosis treated with cytoreductive surgery and Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy (HIPEC) for advanced ovarian carcinoma: a French multicentre retrospective cohort study of 566 patients. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2013;39(12):1435–43.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  186. Chua TC, Moran BJ, Sugarbaker PH, Levine EA, Glehen O, Gilly FN, Baratti D, Deraco M, Elias D, Sardi A, Liauw W, Yan TD, Barrios P, Gómez Portilla A, de Hingh IH, Ceelen WP, Pelz JO, Piso P, González-Moreno S, Van Der Speeten K, Morris DL. Early- and long-term outcome data of patients with pseudomyxoma peritonei from appendiceal origin treated by a strategy of cytoreductive surgery and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy. J Clin Oncol. 2012;30(20):2449–56.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  187. Glehen O, Mohamed F, Sugarbaker PH. Incomplete cytoreduction in 174 patients with peritoneal carcinomatosis from appendiceal malignancy. Ann Surg. 2004;240(2):278–85. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.sla.0000133183.15705.71.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  188. Dayal S, Taflampas P, Riss S, Chandrakumaran K, Cecil TD, Mohamed F, Moran BJ. Complete cytoreduction for pseudomyxoma peritonei is optimal but maximal tumor debulking may be beneficial in patients in whom complete tumor removal cannot be achieved. Dis Colon Rectum. 2013;56(12):1366–72. https://doi.org/10.1097/DCR.0b013e3182a62b0d.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  189. Passot G, You B, Boschetti G, Fontaine J, Isaac S, Decullier E, et al. Pathological response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy: a new prognosis tool for the curative management of peritoneal colorectal carcinomatosis. Ann Surg Oncol. 2014;21:2608–14.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  190. Rubbia-Brandt L, et al. Importance of histological tumor response assessment in predicting the outcome in patients with colorectal liver metastases treated with neo-adjuvant chemotherapy followed by liver surgery. Ann Oncol. 2007;18(2):299–304.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  191. Blazer DG, et al. Pathologic response to preoperative chemotherapy: a new outcome end point after resection of hepatic colorectal metastases. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26(33):5344–51.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  192. Folprecht G, Kohne CH, Lutz MP. Systemic chemotherapy in patients with peritoneal carcinomatosis from colorectal cancer. Cancer Treat Res. 2007;134:425–40.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  193. Kohne CH, et al. Clinical determinants of survival in patients with 5-fluorouracil-based treatment for metastatic colorectal cancer: results of a multivariate analysis of 3825 patients. Ann Oncol. 2002;13(2):308–17.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  194. Yonemura Y, Elnemr A, Endou Y, et al. Effects of neoadjuvant intraperitoneal/systemic chemotherapy (bidirectional chemotherapy) for the treatment of patients with peritoneal metastasis from gastric cancer. Int J Surg Oncol. 2012;2012:8. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/148420.

    Google Scholar 

  195. Bijelic L, Kumar AS, Stuart OA, Sugarbaker PH. Systemic chemotherapy prior to cytoreductive surgery and HIPEC for carcinomatosis from appendix cancer: impact on perioperative outcomes and short-term survival. Gastroenterol Res Pract. 2012;2012:6. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/163284.

    Google Scholar 

  196. Solass W, Sempoux C, Detlefsen S, et al. Peritoneal sampling and histological assessment of therapeutic response in peritoneal metastasis: proposal of the Peritoneal Regression Grading Score (PRGS). Pleura Peritoneum. 2016;1(2):99–107. https://doi.org/10.1515/pap-2016-0011.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  197. Seshadri RA, Hemanth Raj E. Diagnostic laparoscopy in the pre-operative assessment of patients undergoing cytoreductive surgery and HIPEC for peritoneal surface malignancies. Indian J Surg Oncol. 2016;7:230. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13193-015-0486-9.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  198. Fagotti A, Ferrandina G, Fanfani F, Ercoli A, Lorusso D, Rossi M, et al. A laparoscopy-based score to predict surgical outcome in patients with advanced ovarian carcinoma: a pilot study. Ann Surg Oncol. 2006;13:1156–61.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  199. Brun JL, Rouzier R, Uzan S, Darai E. External validation of a laparoscopic-based score to evaluate resectability of advanced ovarian cancers: clues for a simplified score. Gynecol Oncol. 2008;110:354–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  200. Fagotti A, Ferrandina G, Fanfani F, Garganese G, Vizzielli F, Carone V, et al. Prospective validation of a laparoscopic predictive model for optimal cytoreduction in advanced ovarian carcinoma. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2008;199:642.e1–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  201. Varnoux C, Huchon C, Bats AS, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of hand-assisted laparoscopy in predicting resectability of peritoneal carcinomatosis from gynecological malignancies. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2013;39:774–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  202. Sugarbaker PH. Pseudomyxoma peritonei and peritoneal metastases from appendiceal malignancy. In: Sugarbaker PH, editor. Cytoreductive surgery & perioperative chemotherapy for peritoneal surface malignancy. Textbook and video atlas. Woodbury: Cine-Med Publishers; 2012.

    Google Scholar 

  203. González-Moreno S, Ortega-Pérez G, González-Bayón L. Indications and patient selection for cytoreductive surgery and perioperative intraperitoneal chemotherapy. J Surg Oncol. 2009;100(4):287–92. https://doi.org/10.1002/jso.21325.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  204. Passot G, Vaudoyer D, Cotte E, You B, Isaac S, Noël Gilly F, Mohamed F, Glehen O. Progression following neoadjuvant systemic chemotherapy may not be a contraindication to a curative approach for colorectal carcinomatosis. Ann Surg. 2012;256(1):125–9. https://doi.org/10.1097/SLA.0b013e318255486a.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  205. Glehen O, Beaujard AC, Arvieux C, Huber O, Gilly FN. Peritoneal carcinomatosis. Surgical treatment, peritonectomy and intraperitoneal chemohyperthermia. Gastroenterol Clin Biol. 2002;26:210–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  206. Elias DM, Ouellet JF. Intraperitoneal chemohyperthermia: rationale, technique, indications, and results. Surg Oncol Clin N Am. 2001;10:915–33.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  207. Cotte E, Passot G, Gilly F-N, Glehen O. Selection of patients and staging of peritoneal surface malignancies. World J Gastrointest Oncol. 2010;2(1):31–5. https://doi.org/10.4251/wjgo.v2.i1.31.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  208. Brouquet A, Goere D, Lefevre JH, et al. The second procedure combining complete cytoreductive surgery and intraperitoneal chemotherapy for isolated peritoneal recurrence: postoperative course and long-term outcome. Ann Surg Oncol. 2009;16:2744–51.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  209. Yan TD, Bijelic L, Sugarbaker PH. Critical analysis of treatment failure after complete cytoreductive surgery and perioperative intraperitoneal chemotherapy for peritoneal dissemination from appendiceal mucinous neoplasms. Ann Surg Oncol. 2007;14:2289–99.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  210. Verwaal VJ, Boot H, Aleman BM, et al. Recurrences after peritoneal carcinomatosis of colorectal origin treated by cytoreduction and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy: location, treatment, and outcome. Ann Surg Oncol. 2004;11:375–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  211. Saxena A, Yan TD, Morris DL. Critical assessment of preoperative and operative risk factors for complications after iterative peritonectomy procedures. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2010;36:309–14.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  212. Smeenk RM, Verwaal VJ, Antonini N, Zoetmulder FA. Progression of pseudomyxoma peritonei after combined modality treatment: management and outcome. Ann Surg Oncol. 2007;14(2):493–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  213. Esquivel J, Sugarbaker PH. Second-look surgery in patients with peritoneal dissemination from appendiceal malignancy: analysis of prognostic factors in 98 patients. Ann Surg. 2001;234:198–205.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  214. Mogal H, Chouliaras K, Levine EA, Shen P, Votanopoulos KI. Repeat cytoreductive surgery with hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy: review of indications and outcomes. J Gastrointest Oncol. 2016;7(1):129–42. https://doi.org/10.3978/j.issn.2078-6891.2015.131.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  215. Golse N, Bakrin N, Passot G, Mohamed F, Vaudoyer D, Gilly FN, Glehen O, Cotte E. Iterative procedures combining cytoreductive surgery with hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy for peritoneal recurrence: postoperative and long-term results. J Surg Oncol. 2012;106(2):197–203. https://doi.org/10.1002/jso.23062.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  216. Vaira M, Robella M, Mellano A, Sottile A, De Simone M. Iterative procedures combining cytoreductive surgery and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy for isolated peritoneal recurrence. Int J Hyperth. 2014;30(8):565–9. https://doi.org/10.3109/02656736.2014.974693.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  217. Vassos N, Förtsch T, Aladashvili A, Hohenberger W, Croner RS. Repeated cytoreductive surgery (CRS) with Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy (HIPEC) in patients with recurrent peritoneal carcinomatosis. World J Surg Oncol. 2016;14:42.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  218. Fish R, Selvasekar C, Crichton P, Wilson M, Fulford P, Renehan A, O’Dwyer S. Risk-reducing laparoscopic cytoreductive surgery and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy for low-grade appendiceal mucinous neoplasm: early outcomes and technique. Surg Endosc. 2014;28:341–5. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00464-013-3189-8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  219. Esquivel J, Averbach A, Chua TC. Laparoscopic cytoreductive surgery and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy in patients with limited peritoneal surface malignancies: feasibility, morbidity and outcome in an early experience. Ann Surg. 2011;253(4):764–8. https://doi.org/10.1097/SLA.0b013e31820784df.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  220. Esquivel J, Averbach A. Laparoscopic cytoreductive surgery and HIPEC in patients with limited pseudomyxoma peritonei of appendiceal origin. Gastroenterol Res Pract. 2012;2012:5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  221. Passot G, Bakrin N, Isaac S, Decullier E, Gilly FN, Glehen O, Cotte E. Postoperative outcomes of laparoscopic vs open cytoreductive surgery plus hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy for treatment of peritoneal surface malignancies. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2014;40(8):957–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejso.2013.10.002. Epub 2013 Oct 16.

  222. Gallotta V, Fagotti A, Fanfani F, Ferrandina G, Nero C, Costantini B, Gueli Alletti S, Chiantera V, Ercoli A, Scambia G. Laparoscopic surgical management of localized recurrent ovarian cancer: a single-institution experience. Surg Endosc. 2014;28(6):1808–15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00464-013-3390-9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  223. Trinh H, Ott C, Fanning J. Feasibility of laparoscopic debulking with electrosurgical loop excision procedure and argon beam coagulator at recurrence in patients with previous laparotomy debulking. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2004;190:1394–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  224. Nezhat FR, Denoble SM, Cho JE, Brown DN, Soto E, Chuang L, Gretz H, Saharia P. Safety and efficacy of video laparoscopic surgical debulking of recurrent ovarian, fallopian tube, and primary peritoneal cancers. JSLS. 2012;16:511–8.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  225. Magrina JF, Cetta RL, Chang YH, Guevara G, Magtibay PM. Analysis of secondary cytoreduction for recurrent ovarian cancer by robotics, laparoscopy, and laparotomy. Gynecol Oncol. 2013;129:336–40.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Surgical Oncology, Fortis Hospital, Bangalore, India

    Aditi Bhatt

  2. Department of Peritoneal Surface Oncology, Saifee Hospital, Mumbai, India

    Sanket Mehta

Authors
  1. Aditi Bhatt
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Sanket Mehta
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Aditi Bhatt .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Surgical Oncology, Fortis Hospital, Bangalore, India

    Aditi Bhatt

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Bhatt, A., Mehta, S. (2018). Cytoreductive Surgery for Peritoneal Metastases: Principles and Techniques. In: Bhatt, A. (eds) Management of Peritoneal Metastases- Cytoreductive Surgery, HIPEC and Beyond. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-7053-2_3

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-7053-2_3

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore

  • Print ISBN: 978-981-10-7052-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-981-10-7053-2

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation