Abstract
In speech synthesis, it is necessary to identify the graphemes in every word to be converted to speech. This chapter deals with this process normally referred to as text-to-phoneme or grapheme-to-phoneme conversion. Many rules for such conversion, known as phonology in linguistic parlance, have been proposed by the eminent linguists for this dialect, namely SCB. Unfortunately these rules are not in the computer implementable form. This chapter presents the development of a rule-based G2P (Grapheme-To-Phoneme) conversion system for SCB.
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Appendix
Appendix
The following table is the rule table (example of which is shown in Table 4.3) that includes some of the compiled rules. In this table, to represent the vowel ligature “+” sign is used in between the consonant and the vowel. Similarly, the consonant cluster is represented by the “+” sign in between the two consonants. In the table when the position of the input string in the word is important, “*” is used to indicate its position. For the other cases, the position of the input string in a word is not important. It is also to be noted that the RDB table contains only the ASCII strings in the “Input String” and “Output String” columns. In the present case, the POS and semantic information are not used and hence they are not shown in this table. The hidden অ (A) is for any consonant C is the string “A” just after it.
Applied phonological rule/rules | Input string | Output string | Meaning of special symbols, if any, present in 2nd and 3rd columns |
|---|---|---|---|
4.3.2 (1) | AI (অই) /ɔi/ | OI (ওই) /oi/ | – |
4.3.2 (1) | AU (অউ) /ɔu/ | OU (ওউ) /ou/ | – |
4.3.2 (1) 4.3.2 (6) | AK+SA (অক্ষ) /ɔkSɔ/ | OK+SO (ওক্ষ) /okSo/ | – |
4.3.2 (2) | CAN /Cɔn/ | CON /Con/ | – |
4.3.2 (2) | CAN0 /Cɔɳ/ | CON0 /Coɳ/ | |
4.3.2 (3) | CA /Cɔ/) | CO /Co/ | – |
4.3.2 (4) | CACA /CɔCɔ/ | CAC /CɔC/ | – |
4.3.2 (5) | *C+CA /C+Cɔ/ | *C+CO /C+Co/ | ‘*’ represents any one of ই (I), উ(U), ক্ষ (K+S1), or জ্ঞ (J+N1) |
4.3.2 (6) | C+CA /CCɔ/ | C+CO /CCo/ | – |
4.3.2 (8) |
C+(R0+I)CA (
C+Ê ligature |
C+(R0+I)CO (
C+Ê ligature | – |
4.3.2 (9) | CACA /CɔCɔ/ | CACO /CɔCo/ | – |
4.3.2 (10) | ACAC /ɔCɔC/ | ACOC (/CoC/) | – |
4.3.2 (10) | AACAC /ɐCɔC/ | AACOC /ɐCoC/ | – |
4.3.2 (10) | CACAC /CɔCɔC/ | CACOC /CɔCoC/ | – |
4.3.2 (10) | C+AACAC /CɐCɔC/ | C+AACoC /CɐCoC/ | – |
4.3.2 (11) | HAC+E /hɔle/ | HOC+E /hole/ | – |
4.3.2 (12) | CA*CH+E /Cɔ*tʃhe/ | CO*CH+E /Co*tʃhe/ | ‘*’ represents the middle part of the word |
4.3.2 (13) | C+RYA /Cryɔ/ | C+RAYA /Crɔyɔ/ | – |
4.3.2 (14) | C*YA /C*yɔ/ | C*YO /C*yo/ | ‘*’represents any ligature other than ɐ(AA) |
4.3.2 (15) | C+AAYA /Cayɔ/ | C+AAY /Cay/ | – |
4.3.2 (16) | YAC+AA /yɔCɐ/ | YC+AA /yCɐ/ | – |
4.3.2 (17) | NGCA /ŋCɔ/ | NGCO /ŋCo/ | – |
4.3.2 (18) | EKAC /ekɔC/ | EEKC /ækɔC/ | – |
4.3.2 (18) | EKAC+C /ekɔCC/ | EEKAC+C /ækɔCC/ | – |
4.3.3 (1) | EC* /eC*/ | EC* /eC*/ | ‘*’ represents vowel ই (I) or উ (U) |
4.3.3 (1) | EC* /eC*/ | EEC* /æC*/ | ‘*’ represents any vowel other than ই (I), উ(U) |
4.3.3 (1) | ECAC* /eCɔC*/ | ECAC* /eCɔC*/ | ‘*’ represents vowel ই (I) or উ(U) |
4.3.3 (1) | ECAC* /eCɔC*/‘*’ | EECAC* /æCɔC*/ | represents any vowel other than ই (I), উ (U) |
4.3.4 (1) | J+N1+V* /dzɳV*/ | G+V͂* /gV͂*/ | ‘*’ represents the rest of the word. V represents any vowel and represents the nasal counterpart of V |
4.3.4 (2) | *J+N1+V /*dzɳV/. | *GG+V͂ /*ggV͂/ | ‘*’ represents the previous part of the word. V represents any vowel and represents the nasal counterpart of V |
4.3.4 (3) | J+N1+AA* /dzɳa*/ | G+EE0* /gæ͂*/ | ‘*’ represents the rest of the word |
4.3.4 (4) | J+N1A* /dzɳɔ*/ | G+O0* /gõ*/ | ‘*’ represents the rest of the word |
4.3.4 (4) | * J+N1A /*dzɳɔ/ | *GG+O0 /*ggõ/ | ‘*’ represents the previous part of the word |
4.3.5 (1) | *C+Y+V /*CyV/ | *CC+Y+V /*CCyV/ | ‘*’ represents the previous part of the word. V represents any vowel |
4.3.5 (2) | *C+Y+AA /*Cyɐ/ | *CC+Y+EE /*CCyæ/ | ‘*’ represents the previous part of the word |
4.3.5 (2) | C+Y+AA* /Cya*/ | C+Y+EE /Cyæ*/ | ‘*’ represents the rest of the word |
4.3.5 (3) | *C+YA /*Cyɔ/ | *CC+YO /*CCyo/ | ‘*’ represents the previous part of the word |
4.3.5 (4) | *H+Y+V /*hyV/ | *JJH+V /*dzdzhV/ | ‘*’ represents the previous part of the word. V represents any vowel |
4.3.6 (1) | C+B* /Cb*/ | C* /C*/ | ‘*’ represents the rest of the word |
4.3.6 (2) | *C+B /*Cb/ | *CC /*CC/ | ‘*’represents the previous part of the word. Here C represents any vowel except H |
4.3.6 (3) | *VH+B /*Vhb/ | *VOBH /*Vobh/ | ‘*’ represents the previous part of the word. V represents vowel % (A) or %ç(AA) |
4.3.6 (3) | *IH+B /*ihb/ | *IUBH /*iubh/ | – |
4.3.6 (4) | *C+C+B /*CCb/ | *C+C /*CC/ | ‘*’ represents the previous part of the word |
4.3.7 (1) | C+M* /Cm*/ | C* /C*/ | ‘*’ represents the rest of the word |
4.3.7 (2) | *C+M+V /*CCV/ | *CC+V͂ /CCV͂/ | ‘*’ represents the previous part of the word. Here C is stop or sibilant. V is any vowel and is the nasal counterpart of it |
4.3.8 (1) | *C+R /*Cr/ | *CCR /*CCr/ | ‘*’ represents the previous part of the word |
4.2.9 (1) | CV /CV/ | CV͂ /CV͂/ | C is the consonant Ë (M) or XË(N). V is any vowel and is the nasal counterpart of it |
4.3.10 (1) | S /ʃ/ | SH /Ç/ | – |
4.3.10 (2) | S+C /ʃC/ | S1+C /sC/ | Here C is the consonant ট (T0) or ঠ(TH0) |
4.3.10 (3) | S+C /ʃC/ | S+C /ʃC/ | Here C is any one of the consonants ত (T), থ (TH), ন (N), প (P), ফ (PH), র (R), _ল (L), ক (K), খ (KH) |
4.3.10 (3) | S+C /ʃC/ | SH+C /ÇC/ | Here C is any consonant other than ত (T), থ (TH), ন (N), প (P), ফ (PH), র(R), ল (L), ক (K), খ (KH) |
4.3.11 (1) | V+ | V͂/V͂/ | V is any vowel and is the nasal counterpart of it |
4.3.11 (2) |
C+ | C V͂/C V͂/ | V is any vowel and is the nasal counterpart of |
CA) /CriCɔ/
CO) /CriCo/
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Datta, A.K. (2018). Phonological Rules for TTS. In: Epoch Synchronous Overlap Add (ESOLA). Signals and Communication Technology. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-7016-7_4
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