Abstract
This chapter examines whaling culture in the Shikoku Region (on Shikoku Island). Facing the Pacific Ocean, the Tosa Classical Whaling Base in Muroto, in the southern part of the region, was one of the four major Japanese classical whaling bases. The region is the birthplace of Saint Kūkai (or Kōbō-Daishi, 774–April 835), the founder of Shingon Buddhism, and is home to the circuit of Shikou Pilgrimage of Eighty-Eight Temples. The local whaling culture is a manifestation of local people’s beliefs in Shingon Buddhism.
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Notes
- 1.
Yoshihara Tomokichi, “Kujira no haka” (Graves of Whales), in Tanigawa Ken’ichi, ed., Nihon minzoku bunka shiryō shūsei (Collection of Documents on Japanese Folk Culture), Vol. 18, Tokyo: San’ichi-shobō, 1997, 441.
- 2.
Ibid.; “Muroto-shi” (Muroto City), http://www.city.muroto.kochi.jp/hopweb/joho/html/, accessed January 30, 2016.
- 3.
Yoshihara, 434–435.
- 4.
Ibid., 435, 441.
- 5.
Ibid.
- 6.
Ibid., 435; Kumano Taiji-ura hogei-shi hensan-iinkai, ed., Kumano no Taiji: Kujira ni idomu machi (Taiji, Kumano: Town That Challenges Whales), Tokyo: Heibonsha, 1965, 80–81.
- 7.
Ibid. (both).
- 8.
Kumano Taiji-ura hogei-shi hensan-iinkai, 81.
- 9.
Ibid.
- 10.
Yoshihara, 435.
- 11.
Ibid., 434–436.
- 12.
Ibid., 434.
- 13.
Ibid.
- 14.
Ibid.
- 15.
Ibid.; “Kujira bunka: Kujira o tomuratta kujira-baka ⋅ kujira-zuka nado” (Whale Culture: Whale Graves and Monuments to Mourn the Deaths of Whales), http://www.geocities.co.jp/NatureLand-Sky/3011/kujirahaka.html, accessed November 14, 2015.
- 16.
Ibid. (both).
- 17.
“Shikoku hachijū-hakkasho reijō-kai” (Society of Shikoku Eighty-eight Sacred Places), http://www.88shikokuhenro.jp/kochi/26kongochoji/, accessed September 7, 2015.
- 18.
“Dai-26-ban fudasho Ryūtō-zan Kōmyō-in Kongōchō-ji” (No. 26 Temple, Ryūtō-zan Kōmyō-in Kongōchō Temple), http://www.geocities.jp/ftyk14/henro/koutireisyo/26.htm, accessed December 21, 2015.
- 19.
Ibid.
- 20.
“Kujira bunka: Kujira o tomuratta kujira-baka ⋅ kujira-zuka nado”; “Hogei hassen-tō shōryō kuyō-hi 2-ki” (“Two Memorial Cenotaph for the Souls of the Eight Thousand Whales Caught”), October 20, 2010, http://www.asahi-net.or.jp/~rn2h-dimr/ohaka2/12kujira/17sikoku/k_hassen.html; “Izui Moriichi” (Izui Moriichi), August 20, 2011, http://hogei.seesaa.net/article/221343007.html
- 21.
Ibid. (both).
- 22.
Ibid. (both).
- 23.
Ibid. (both).
- 24.
Yoshihara, 435.
- 25.
Ibid.
- 26.
Ibid.
- 27.
“Kujira bunka: Kujira o tomuratta kujira-baka ⋅ kujira-zuka nado”; “Shikoku-henro no tabi-nikki” (Journal of Shikoku Pilgrimage), November 9, 2013, http://blog.goo.ne.jp/karekusa_2005/e/60f74fdd592b7fe5f4bdc5efef57d8c1
- 28.
Ibid.
- 29.
Ibid.
- 30.
“Whale Watching,” http://guides-japan.com/spots/detail/1112/Whale%20watching, accessed, September 8, 2015.
- 31.
“Kujira bunka: Kujira o tomuratta kujira-baka ⋅ kujira-zuka nado.”
- 32.
Yoshihara, 436–437; “‘Tobiagari-kujira no tsuka’ and ‘Kujira no tsuka’” (“Grave for Jumping Whale” and “Grave of Whale”), September 3, 2009, http://www.asahi-net.or.jp/~rn2h-dimr/ohaka2/12kujira/17sikoku/e_utidomari.html
- 33.
Yoshihara, 436–437; “Kujira bunka: Kujira o tomuratta kujira-baka ⋅ kujira-zuka nado.”
- 34.
Ibid. (both).
- 35.
Ibid. (both).
- 36.
“Kujira bunka: Kujira o tomuratta kujira-baka ⋅ kujira-zuka nado.”
- 37.
Yoshihara, 436–437; “Kujira bunka: Kujira o tomuratta kujira-baka ⋅ kujira-zuka nado.”
- 38.
Ibid.
- 39.
“Kujira bunka: Kujira o tomuratta kujira-baka ⋅ kujira-zuka nado.”
- 40.
Ibid.
- 41.
Ibid.; “Hotta Minoru Hamachi-yōshoku-sagyōjō” (Hotta Minoru Hamachi Farm Plant), December 28, 2015, http://www.mapion.co.jp/phonebook/M26026/38203/23832000150/
- 42.
“Kujira bunka: Kujira o tomuratta kujira-baka ⋅ kujira-zuka nado.”
- 43.
Ibid.
- 44.
Ibid.
- 45.
“Hayanote no kujira-zuka” (Whale Grave at Hayanote), http://yoitokona.jp/kujira.html, accessed December 26, 2015; “Akehama-chō no kujira-zuka 3-ki” (Three Whale Graves in Akehama-chō), September 5, 2003, http://www.asahi-net.or.jp/~rn2h-dimr/ohaka2/12kujira/17sikoku/akehama.html
- 46.
Ibid. (both).
- 47.
Yoshihara, 436–437; “Hayanote no kujira-zuka.”
- 48.
Yoshihara, 437; “Akehama-chō-Takayama puchi-tanbō” (Exploring Akehama-chō-Takayama), May 4, 2013, http://blog.livedoor.jp/awatennbou/archives/1832867.html
- 49.
Ibid. (both); Boreal Institute for Northern Studies, ed., Small-Type Coastal Whaling in Japan: Report of an International Workshop, Edmonton, Alberta: Boreal Institute for Northern Studies, the University of Alberta, 1988, 56.
- 50.
Yoshihara, 437; “Akehama-chō-Takayama puchi-tanbō.”
- 51.
“Akehama-chō no kujira-zuka 3-ki”; “Kujira no o-haka” (Whale Graves), May 22, 2011, http://www.seiyo1400.jp/c/blog/2624
- 52.
Ibid.
- 53.
Yoshihara, 436–438; “Akehama-chō no kujira-zuka 3-ki”; “Kujira no o-haka.”
- 54.
Yoshihara, 436–438; “Kujira no o-haka.”
- 55.
“Akehama-chō no kujira-zuka 3-ki.”
- 56.
“Kujira no o-haka”; “Kujira bunka: Kujira o tomuratta kujira-baka ⋅ kujira-zuka nado.”
- 57.
Yoshihara, 436–438; “Kujira bunka: Kujira o tomuratta kujira-baka ⋅ kujira-zuka nado.”
- 58.
Ibid. (both).
- 59.
“Kujira bunka: Kujira o tomuratta kujira-baka ⋅ kujira-zuka nado.”
- 60.
Ibid.
- 61.
Ibid.
- 62.
Ibid.
- 63.
Ibid.
- 64.
Ibid.
- 65.
Ibid.
- 66.
Ibid.
- 67.
Ibid.
- 68.
Ibid.
- 69.
“Sekizōbutsu-gun” (Group of Memorial Stones), October 21, 2009, http://blog.livedoor.jp/awatennbou/archives/1054771.html
- 70.
Ibid.
- 71.
Yoshihara, 438.
- 72.
Hosokawa Takao, “Kujira ni ‘kansha to ikei’ no nen” (Feelings of “Appreciation and Respect” for Whales), Mainichi Shimbun, October 26, 2010.
- 73.
Ibid.
- 74.
Ibid.
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Itoh, M. (2018). Pilgrimage of Eighty-Eight Temples and Whale Graves in the Shikoku Region. In: The Japanese Culture of Mourning Whales. Palgrave Macmillan, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-6671-9_8
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