Abstract
Exploring the degrees to which transnational, inter-governmental, and trans-governmental forces explain transatlantic behavior (and if a ranking is even discernible), this chapter shifts attention to historical human flows (of settlers, slaves, and ‘courtyard knaves’). While strengthening an earlier observation of south Atlantic and north-south Atlantic flows, the chapter finds the necessary and logical colonial needs for human flows sowing the seeds of enormous subsequent complications. It also (a) reaffirms the transatlantic-global linkage; (b) previews the illegal flows of the twentieth and twenty-first centuries, with cash, drugs, and humans as cargo; (c) scrutinizes the evolution of the functions of a central agency, such as the state; and (d) captures more glimpses of how the old, indigenous order across the Americas was completely transformed.
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Notes
- 1.
On this push-pull argumentation, see Robert J. Kleiner, Tom Sørenson, Odd Stefan Dalgard, Torbjørn, and Dale Drews, “International migration and internal migration: A comprehensive theoretical approach,” Migration Across Time and Nations: Population Mobility in Historical Contexts, eds., Ira A. Glazier and Luigi De Rosa (New York, NY: Holmes & Meier, 1986), 307–9, but see Chap. 17.
- 2.
André Armengaud, “Population in Europe, 1700–1914,” The Fontana Economic History of Europe, vol. 3: The Industrial Revolution, 1700–1914, ed., C. Cipolla (New York, NY: Barnes & Noble, 1976), 70, but see 22–76.
- 3.
Figures computed from Magnus Mörner, “Immigration into Latin America, especially Argentina and Chile,” European Expansion and Migration: Essays on the Intercontinental Migration from Africa, Asia, and Europe, eds., P.C. Emmer, and M. Mörner (New York, NY: Berg, 1992), 212; and R.R. Kuczynski, Population Movements (Oxford, UK : Oxford University Press, 1936), 12, and op. cit.
- 4.
On other contemporary impact of the Enlightenment, see Paulos Mar Gregorios, A Light Too Bright: The Enlightenment Today: An Assessment of the Values of the European and a Search for New Foundations (Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 1992).
- 5.
Dorinda Outram, The Enlightenment, New Approaches to European History Series, eds., William Beik, T.C.W. Blanning, and Brendan Simms (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2012), 138–41.
- 6.
For example, see how the Reformation impacted how the Catholic church transformed in Germany in Marc R. Foster, Catholic Germany From the Reformation to the Enlightenment (Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire, UK: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007).
- 7.
From Mörner, op. cit.
- 8.
On the various types of states, see Barry Buzan, People, States, and Fear: The National Security Problem in International Relations (Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1983), 46–8.
- 9.
On this administrative apparatus behind civil law, see Thomas Glyn Watkins, An Historic Introduction to Modern Civil Law (Aldershot, U.K.: Ashgate, 1999).
- 10.
See Lynn Miller, Global Order: Values and Power in International Politics (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1985); and Stephen D. Krasner, “Compromising Westphalia,” International Security 20, no. 1 (Winter 1996): 115–51.
- 11.
S.U. Abramova, “Ideological, doctrinal, philosophical, religious and political aspects of the African slave trade,” The African Slave Trade From the Fifteenth to the Nineteenth Century: Reports and Papers of the Meeting of Experts Organized by UNESCO at Port-au-Prince, Haiti, January 31–February 4, 1978 (Paris, France: UNESCO, 1979), 16–21.
- 12.
Hubert Gerbeau, “The slave trade in the Indian Ocean: Problems facing the historian and research to be undertaken,” The African Slave Trade From the Fifteenth to the Nineteenth Century, 190–1, but see 184–207.
- 13.
J. A. Rogers, Africa’s Gift to America: The Afro-American in the Making and Saving of the United States (New York, NY: Helga Rogers, 1961), 35.
- 14.
Françoise Latour da Viega Pinto, and A. Carrera, “Portuguese participation in the slave trade: Opposing forces, trends of opinions within Portuguese society: Effects on Portugal’s socio-economic development,” The African Slave Trade From the Fifteenth to the Nineteenth Century, 141, but see 119–47.
- 15.
In order of mention, Herbert S. Klein, The Atlantic Slave Trade, New Approaches to the Americas Series, ed., Stuart Schwartz (Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 1999), 209–10; Kuczynski, op. cit.; Edward E. Dunbar, History of the Rise and Decline of Commercial Slavery (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Library, digital images, 1863), 269–70; and Philip D. Curtin, The Atlantic Slave Trade: A Census (Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press, 1969), 268.
- 16.
Joseph E. Inikori, “The slave trade and the Atlantic economies, 1451–1870,” The African Slave Trade From the Fifteenth to the Nineteenth Century, 59, but see 56–87; all quotes from him in this paragraph are from 59 to 62, in chronological order.
- 17.
Curtin, op. cit., 268.
- 18.
Ibid.
- 19.
Richard B. Allen, European Slave Trading in the Indian Ocean, 1500–1850 (Athens, OH: Ohio University Press, 2014), 22–4.
- 20.
Ida Altman, Moving Around and Moving On: Spanish Emigration in the Age of Expansion, 1992 Lecture Series, Working Paper, #15, Department of Spanish & Portuguese, University of Maryland, College Park, 1994, 14.
- 21.
Ibid., 12.
- 22.
Ibid., 14–5.
- 23.
Other similar observation made by Leslie Page Moch, Moving Europeans: Migration in Western Europe Since 1650 (Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 2003, 2nd ed.), 149–58.
- 24.
Klein, The Atlantic Slave Trade, 79.
- 25.
Page Moch, op. cit., 147.
- 26.
Ibid., 153.
- 27.
Ibid., 154.
- 28.
Ibid., 150.
- 29.
Klein, op. cit., 84.
- 30.
Ibid., 78.
- 31.
Stephen D. Krasner, “Structural causes and regime consequences: regimes as intervening variables,” International Regimes, ed., Krasner (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1983), 2.
- 32.
On the lord-peasant tussle, see Barrington Moore, Jr., Social Origins of Democracy and Dictatorship: Lord and Peasant in the Making of the Modern World (Boston, MA: Beacon Press, 1966).
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Hussain, I. (2018). Transatlantic Settlers, Slaves, and Courtyard Knaves: Telescoping Space. In: Transatlantic Transitions. Global Political Transitions. Palgrave Macmillan, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-6608-5_3
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