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Religious Faith of the Chinese pp 123–208Cite as

The Localization of World Religions in China

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Abstract

It is the year 138 B.C. (the third year of Jianyuan in the Western Han Dynasty) when Zhang Qian was under an imperial command to carry the emissary mission to the Western Regions that marked the dramatic prelude of the world-famous Silk Road, initiating the cultural exchange between China and the rest of the world as well as the transmissions of religions.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Chen (1980a, b).

  2. 2.

    Ibid, p. 308.

  3. 3.

    Gong and kejia (1998).

  4. 4.

    Shen (2010a, b).

  5. 5.

    Wushu (1987).

  6. 6.

    Ibid, p. 60.

  7. 7.

    Ze (1981a, b).

  8. 8.

    “Biography of Peiju”, Volume 67 of The Book of Sui, Zhonghua Book Company, 1973, p. 1597.

  9. 9.

    Kong (1986).

  10. 10.

    Ze (1981a, b).

  11. 11.

    Guangdan (1983).

  12. 12.

    Ze (1981a, b)

  13. 13.

    Meicun (1991)

  14. 14.

    Shen (2010a, b).

  15. 15.

    Jiyu (1981).

  16. 16.

    Translator's Note: reference to the entry of “shi xuanmen” in Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism, Princeton University Press, 2013, p. 810.

  17. 17.

    Wang (2013).

  18. 18.

    Refer to Xiaoyun (2012).

  19. 19.

    Refer to A Reader of the Knowledge of the Five Major Religions in China, Social Sciences Academic Press, 2007, p. 53.

  20. 20.

    Refer to Anzhai (2005).

  21. 21.

    Refer to Qabbê Cêpän Püncog (2004).

  22. 22.

    Chen (1980a, b).

  23. 23.

    Refer to Li (2003).

  24. 24.

    Qin (1995a, b, c, d). The “dashiman” is the transliteration of the Persian term for the Islamic “religious professionals” (Ibid., 1995, p. 33).

  25. 25.

    The Autography of the Founder Emperor of the Yuan History.

  26. 26.

    “Records of Western Regions” in Chronicles of the Ming Dynasty, Volume 323.

  27. 27.

    D'Ohsson (1962).

  28. 28.

    The Travels of Marco Polo, Annotated Version, Trans. Feng Chengjun, with new annotations by Dang Baohai, Hebei People's Press, 1999, p. 293.

  29. 29.

    Xiang Mai, Zhiyuan Scrutinizing for the False, Vol. 8, Refer to Qin (1995a, b, c, d).

  30. 30.

    Refer to Qin (1995a, b, c, d).

  31. 31.

    Refer to A Reader of the Knowledge of the Five Major Religions in China, Social Sciences Academic Press, 2007, p. 264.

  32. 32.

    Refer to Shoujiang and You (2000b, c, d).

  33. 33.

    Refer to A Reader of the Knowledge of the Five Major Religions in China, Social Sciences Academic Press, 2007, pp. 264–274.

  34. 34.

    Refer to Qin (1995a, b, c, d).

  35. 35.

    Refer to A Reader of the Knowledge of the Five Major Religions in China, Social Sciences Academic Press, 2007, p. 258.

  36. 36.

    Ibid., p.257.

  37. 37.

    Shoujiang and You (2000a)

  38. 38.

    Ibid., p. 135.

  39. 39.

    Jiyu (1998).

  40. 40.

    Shoujiang and You (2000b, c, d).

  41. 41.

    Refer to Shoujiang and You (2000b, c, d).

  42. 42.

    Refer to A Reader of the Knowledge of the Five Major Religions in China, Social Sciences Academic Press, 2007, p. 259.

  43. 43.

    Chen (1980a, b).

  44. 44.

    Qianzhi (1993).

  45. 45.

    Refer to Wushu (2003).

  46. 46.

    Expounding the Chinese Language Jingjiao Scriptures, annotated by Weng Shaojun, Chinese Language Christianity Research Center, Zhuoyue Book Building, 1995, p. 203.

  47. 47.

    Newly Revised Zhenyuan Buddhist Catalogue (Zhenyuan xinding shijiao mulu), refer to Zhuo (1998).

  48. 48.

    Chen (1980a, b).

  49. 49.

    Ibid., P. 6.

  50. 50.

    Ibid., pp. 2–3.

  51. 51.

    Ibid., p. 3.

  52. 52.

    Ibid., p. 4.

  53. 53.

    Ibid., p. 6.

  54. 54.

    Moule (1984).

  55. 55.

    Ibid., pp. 168–169.

  56. 56.

    Chen (1980a, b).

  57. 57.

    Refer to Wenhan (1982a, b).

  58. 58.

    Zhang (1930).

  59. 59.

    Refer to Wenhan (1982a, b).

  60. 60.

    Ibid., p. 135.

  61. 61.

    Hayes et al. (1975).

  62. 62.

    Refer to Gu (1989).

  63. 63.

    Refer to Shanghai Catholic Magazine, April Issue, 1920.

  64. 64.

    Translator Note: Better known in the West as Koxinga or Coxinga, Zheng Chenggong was a leader of Ming forces against the Manchu conquerors of China, best known for establishing Chinese control over Taiwan.

  65. 65.

    Missionary Journal, Volume 58, Editorial No. 7, p. 1.

  66. 66.

    Zhang (1927).

  67. 67.

    Wang (1940).

  68. 68.

    “Report of the National Christian Congress (1922)”.

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  1. Institute of World Religions, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Beijing, Beijing, China

    Xinping Zhuo

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Zhuo, X. (2018). The Localization of World Religions in China. In: Religious Faith of the Chinese. China Insights. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-6379-4_4

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