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Globalization, International Human Rights Law and Current Economic Crisis

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Abstract

Starting from 1980s, the current wave of ‘globalization’ began to engulf the world economy first as a result of liberalization of trade in the developing countries under the leadership of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) in terms of Structural Adjustment Programme (SAP) and then because of the necessary impetus being provided by tariff reduction negotiations under several rounds of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT).

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Globalization means the ‘free flow of capital and the removal of trade barriers between States, as well as the accompanying cultural transformation and exchanges’, Barbara Stark, “Women and Globalization: The Failure and Post modern Possibilities of International Law”, 33 Vanderbilt Journal of International Law, 2000, at 508; Zygmunt states: ‘the deepest meaning conveyed by the idea of globalization is that of the indeterminate unruly and self propelled character of world affairs, the absence of centre of a controlling desk of a board of directors. It is new world disorder with another name’, quoted in Arzabe, “Human Rights, A New Paradigm”, in Genugten and Perex Bustillo (ed), The Poverty Of Rights (2001), at 29 and pp. 36–37; According to some observers globalization is in reality Americanization, it is a stratagem, defined by Washington to make the World Safe for US. and Allied Capital, See. P. Balkrishnan, “Globalization True and False”, The Hindu, 20 August 2001; Globalization from above has inadvertently nurtured globalization from below. See generally Richard Falk, “The Nuclear Weapons Advisory Opinion and the New Jurisprudence of Global Civil Society”, 7 Transnational Law and Contemporary Problems, 1997, pp. 335 and 337; Falk, “The Challenge of Genocide and Genocidial Politics in an Era of Globalization” in Dunne and Wheeler (eds.), Human Rights in Global Politics (1999), pp. 177–184; On transnational civil Society see Mary Caldor, “Transnational Civil Society”, in Dunne and Wheeler (ed.) Human Rights in Global Politics, at 195; According to Giddens, globalization is also an ‘in here phenomenon’, “Affluence, Poverty and the Idea of a Post Scarcity Society”, 27 Development and Change, 1996, note 61. There exists a symbiotic relationship between ‘globalization from above’ and ‘globalization from below’. See Bengoa, Final Report, Special Rapporteur, Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities, the Relationship between the Enjoyment of Human Rights in Particular, Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, and Income Distribution. E/CN 4/ Sub. 2/1997/9 at 32; For the meaning, definition and consequences of globalization for international law, human rights and state structure, see B.C. Nirmal, “Sovereignty in International Law”, 3 Soochow Law Journal, 2006, pp. 1–51 and 41–48; see also, B.C. Nirmal, ‘The Eradication of Poverty in the Era of Globalization: A Human Rights Perspective’, 48 IJIL, 2008, pp.587–613; B.C. Nirmal ‘Sustainable Development, Human Rights and Good Governance’ in J.L. Kaul (eds.), Human Rights and Good Governance (2008), pp. 1–31.

  2. 2.

    Sunanda Sen, “Globalization and Development”, in Cosimo Perrotta and Claudia Sunna (eds.), Globalization and Economic Crisis (Perrot Universita, Del Salento, 2013) at 44, available at: http://siba-ese.unisalento.it/index.php/gec/article/download/12809/11422. [accessed on November 26, 2013].

  3. 3.

    See Uruguay Round Agreement, Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization, available at: http://www.wto.org/english/docs_e/legal_e/04-wto_e.htm. [accessed on November 26, 2013]; For details see, A.K. Kaul, The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT/Word Trade Organization): Law, Economics and Politics (Satyam, New Delhi); Critique of the WTO Dispute Settlement Mechanism, see B.C. Nirmal, “WTO Dispute Settlement System and Developing Countries”, 34 The Banaras Law Journal, 2005, pp. 33–62.

  4. 4.

    Sunanda Sen, supra note 2.

  5. 5.

    For a partial list of literature on human rights, see, H. Lauterpacht, International Law and Human Rights (London, 1950); M.S. McDougal, H. Lasswell and L.C. Chen, Human Rights and World Public Order (New Haven, 1980); W. Laquer and B. Rubin (eds.), Human Rights Reader (London, 1977); A. H. Robertson and J. Merrills, Human Rights in the World (Manchester, 4th ed., 1996); A. Cassesse, International Law (Oxford, 2001); H. Hannum, Guide to International Human Rights Practice (Philadelphia, 2nd ed., 1992); J. Donnelly, International Human Rights (Boulder, 1993); D. R. Forsythe, Human Rights in International Relations (Cambridge, 2000); H. Steiner and P. Alston, International Human Rights in Context (Oxford, 2nd ed., 2000); Mark Gibney, International Human Rights Law: Returning to Universal Principles (Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2008); Henry J. Steiner, Philip Alston, Ryan Goodman, International Human Rights Law: Law, Politics, Morals: Text and Materials (Oxford University Press, US, 2008); See Generally, Thomas Buergenthal, “International Human Rights Law and Institutions: Accomplishments and Prospects”, 63 Washington Law Review, 1988, at 1; Theodor Meron, Human Rights and Humanitarian Norms as Customary Law (1989); Asbjorn Eide et al., The Universal Declaration of Human Rights—A Commentary (1992). For principles proposed by expert non-governmental bodies, See Siracusa, “Principles on the Limitation and Derogation Provisions in the Internal Covenant on civil and Political Rights”, 7 Human Rights Quarterly, 1985, at 83; The Paris Minimum Standards for Human Rights Norms in States of Emergency, reprinted in 79 American Journal of International Law, 1985, at 1072; and the Turku/Abo Declaration on Minimum Humanitarian Standards, 1990 (revised in 1994).

  6. 6.

    The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948, Article 28.

  7. 7.

    See Anthony Giddens, The Consequences of Modernity (1990).

  8. 8.

    Mary Kaldor, ‘Transnational Civil Society’ in Dunne and Wheeler, (eds). Human rights and Global Politics (1999), at 207.

  9. 9.

    Santos, “Oppositional Postmodernism and Globalizations”, 23 L & Society Inquiry, 1998, at 135.

  10. 10.

    See generally, David Harvey, The Condition of Post modernity: An Enquiry into the Origins of Cultural Change (1998), at 44.

  11. 11.

    Josef Joff citing, The Communist Manifesto, referred to in Barbara Stark, “Women and Globalization: The Failure and Post modern Possibilities of International Law”, 33 Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law, 2000, at 510.

  12. 12.

    George Bitros, “In Defense of Globalization”, in Cosimo Perrotta and Claudia Sunna (eds.), Globalization and Economic Crisis, (Perrot Universita, Del Salento, 2013), at 62, available at: http://siba-ese.unisalento.it/index.php/gec/article/download/12809/11422. [accessed on November 26, 2013].

  13. 13.

    Claudia Sunna, “Reconstructing the Debate on Globalization and Economic Crisis”, in Cosimo Perrotta and Claudia Sunna (eds.), Globalization and Economic Crisis (Perrot Universita Del Salento, 2013), pp. 5–20, at 5, available at: http://siba-ese.unisalento.it/index.php/gec/article/download/12809/11422. [accessed on November 26, 2013].

  14. 14.

    Sunanda Sen, supra note 2.

  15. 15.

    J. Bhagwati, “Can We Still Defend Globalization after The Current Crisis?”, Economic Report, 2013, at 89.

  16. 16.

    Stark, supra note 1, at 509.

  17. 17.

    See, Paul Hirst and Graham Thompson, Globalization in Question (1996).

  18. 18.

    Observation of a fund manager in Hongkong, cited in Stark, supra note 1, at 511.

  19. 19.

    The World Development Report 2000/2001, Attacking Poverty, at 61, available at: http://wdronline.worldbank.org/worldbank/a/c.html/world_development_report_2000_2001/abstract/WB.0-1952-1129-4.abstract. [accessed on December 1, 2013].

  20. 20.

    Stark, supra note 1 at 515.

  21. 21.

    Andreas Huyssen, After the Great Divide: Modernism, Mass Culture, Post Modernism (1986), at 21.

  22. 22.

    Ibid.

  23. 23.

    Stark, supra note 1, at 515.

  24. 24.

    Id., pp.515-16.

  25. 25.

    Ibid.

  26. 26.

    Huyssen, supra note 21, at 48.

  27. 27.

    Thomas L. Friedman, The Lexus and the Olive Tree (1999), pp. 285–94.

  28. 28.

    Id., at 376.

  29. 29.

    Id., at 273.

  30. 30.

    Id., at 354.

  31. 31.

    Gracia Clark, “Implications of Global Polarization for Feminist Work”, 4 Indiana Journal of Global Studies, 1996, at 44, cited in Stark, supra note 1, at 518.

  32. 32.

    Stark, supra note 1, at 518.

  33. 33.

    Gracia Clark notes: “By carefully replicating the culture an infrastructure of the International Hotel Worldwide, these support workers make it possible for the globetrotting executive to belief himself a culturally neutral technocrat. Would be elite candidates can not in fact de contextualize themselves, but must rely on the skill and invisibility of these unacknowledged others to accomplish it for them. Cleaners, personal secretaries, security guards, repairers and deliverers meticulously remove and absorb all traces of the actual physical and cultural location, which can mean solving quite different concrete problems depending on local circumstances”. Clark cited in Stark supra note 1.

  34. 34.

    Arundhati Roy, The God of Small Things (1998), cited in Stark, supra note 1, at 519.

  35. 35.

    Mlinar, “Individuation and Globalization: The Transformation of Territories Social Organization” in Globalization and Territorial Identities (Mliner ed., 1992) at 21.

  36. 36.

    Ronnie Lipschutz, “Reconstructing World Politics: The Emergence of Global Civil Society”, 21 Millennium Journal of International Studies, 1992, at 399.

  37. 37.

    Marshal Berman, All that is Solid Melts Into Air: The Experience of Modernity (1982), at 15.

  38. 38.

    Quoted in Kalpana Sharma ‘Fulleing Their Ire’ The Hindu Sunday Magazine, 5 August 2001, at 5.

  39. 39.

    Ibid.

  40. 40.

    T. Beck, S. Claessens, S.L. Schmukler, “Financial Globalization and Crises: Overview”, available at: http://siteresources.worldbank.org/DEC/Resources/FinancialGlobalizationandCrisisOverview.pdf. [accessed on November 29, 2013].

  41. 41.

    Ibid.

  42. 42.

    Bhagwati, J., “The Capital Myth: The Difference between Trade in Widgets and Dollars”, 77(3) Foreign Affairs, 1998, pp. 712, available at: http://web.cenet.org.cn/upfile/57122.pdf. [accessed on December 1, 2013].

  43. 43.

    Stiglitz, J., Globalization and Discontent (W.W. Norton, New York, 2002).

  44. 44.

    Summers, L., “International Financial Crises: Causes, Prevention and Cures”, 90(2) American Economic Review, 2002, pp. 1–16.

  45. 45.

    Fischer, S. “Capital Account Liberalization and the Role of the IMF”, Essays in International Finance, 1998, pp. 1–10, available at: http://www.princeton.edu/~ies/IES_Essays/E207.pdf. [accessed on December 1, 2013].

  46. 46.

    Mary Kaldor, supra note 1, at 210 See generally, Anne-MaireSlaugather, “International Law and International Relations Theory: A New Generation of Inter-disciplinary Scholarship”, 92 AJIL, 1998, at 368; Kingsbury, “Indigenous Peoples in International Law: A Constructionist Approach to the Asian Controversy”, 92 AJIL, 1998, at 414; Timothy P. Teffell and Bernard McNamee, “Trans-Sovereignty: Separating Human Rights from Traditional Sovereignty and the Implications for the Ethics of International Law Practice”, 17 Fordham International Law Journal, 1994, at 459.

  47. 47.

    Richard Price, “Reversing the Gun Sights: Transactional Civil Society Targets Land Mines”, 52 Int. Org, 1998, pp. 15, 618.

  48. 48.

    Id., at 627.

  49. 49.

    Mary Kaldor, supra note 1, at 210.

  50. 50.

    Tim Dunne and Wheeler, “Introduction” in Dunne and Wheeler (eds) Human Rights in Global Politics (1999).

  51. 51.

    Mary Kaldor, supra note 1, at 210.

  52. 52.

    Giddens, “Affluence, Poverty and the Idea of a Post Scarcity Society”, 27 Development and Change, 1996, pp. 365–378, quoted in Andrew Clapham “Globalization and the Rule of Law”, 61 ICJ Rev., 1999, at 1.

  53. 53.

    Ibid.

  54. 54.

    Bengoa, J., Final Report, Special Rapporteur, Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities, The Relationship between the Enjoyment of Human Rights, in Particular Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, and Income Distribution, E/CN.4/Sub.2/1997/9, 1997, at 23.

  55. 55.

    See generally, Christoph Schreuer, “The Waning of the Sovereign State: Towards a New Paradigm for International Law”, 4 European Journal of International Law, 1993, pp. 447–471; Jean Marie Guehenno, The End of the Nation State, (1995); “Symposium on the Decline of the Nation State”, Cardozo Law Review, 1996, at 187; Kenike Ohme, The End of the Nation State, The Rise of Regional Economic (1995); W.H. Reinicke, Global Public Policy Governing without Government (1998) at 31.

  56. 56.

    Sergio Ortino, “Minority Protection under International Law-Evolution or New Perspective?”, 29 The Banaras Law Journal, 2000, at 18.

  57. 57.

    Julie Mertus, “The Promise of Transnational from Legal Transplants to Transformative Justice Civil Society”, 14 American University International Law Review, 1999, at 1347.

  58. 58.

    Ken Booth, “Security in Anarchy: Utopian Realism in Theory and Practice”, 67 Int. Affairs, 1991, at 542.

  59. 59.

    Sergio Ortino, supra note 57.

  60. 60.

    Martin Shaw, “Global Voices: Civil Society and the Media in Global Crises”, in Dunne and Wheeler (eds.), supra note 8.

  61. 61.

    Id., at 230.

  62. 62.

    Ibid.

  63. 63.

    Id., at 227.

  64. 64.

    For details see Good Governance Agenda, infra.

  65. 65.

    See generally, Baogang, “The Four Notions of International Justice”, 29 The Banaras Law Journal, 2000, pp. 34–50.

  66. 66.

    Richard Flak, “The Challenge of Genocide and Genocidal Politics in an Era of Globalization”, in Dunne and Wheeler, supra note 8, at 178.

  67. 67.

    Clapham, supra note 52, pp. 2–3.

  68. 68.

    The New Protocol on Asylum for Nationals of Member States of the European Union provides: Given the level of protection of fundamental rights and freedoms by the Member States of the European Union, Member States shall be regarded as constituting safe countries of origin in respect of each other for all legal and practical purposes in relation to asylum matters. Nevertheless, the Protocol has been criticized by UNHCR: The EU decision is a matter of concern. If the EU applies limitations in the Convention, others can follow and could weaken the universality of the instrument for the international protection of Refugees. It is therefore difficult to share the position taken in the preamble stating that the Protocol respects the Convention.

  69. 69.

    See generally, Sol Picciotte, “Networks in International Economic Integration Fragmented States and the Dilenmmas of Neo-Liberalism”, 17 New York Journal of International Law and Business, 1996–1997, at 1014.

  70. 70.

    Sarah Joseph, ‘Good Governance Agenda’, the Hindu Open Page, July 31, 2001.

  71. 71.

    James Rosenau, “Governance, Order and Change in World Politics”, in Rosenau and Zempiel (eds.) Governance Without Government: Order and Change in World Politics, (1992), pp. 1, 4.

  72. 72.

    Ibid.

  73. 73.

    See generally Michael E. Brown et al. (eds.), Debating the Democratic Peace (1996).

  74. 74.

    On the meaning, definition and characteristics of good governance, see, B.C. Nirmal, “Sovereignty in International Law”, Soochow Law Journal, 2006; see also, B.C. Nirmal, “Good Governance and Human Rights as Democratic Values”, Indian Journal of Federal Studies, 2009, pp. 377–407.

  75. 75.

    World Bank, Governance: The World Bank’s Experience, (Operations Policy Department, Final Draft, Nov. 23, 1993). Cited in Patricia Armstrong, “Human Rights and Multilateral Development Banks: Governance Concerns in Decision Making”, 88 ASIL Proc, 1994, at 280.

  76. 76.

    Andrew Clapham, supra note 52, at 31.

  77. 77.

    Stark, supra note 1, at 537.

  78. 78.

    See Stark, supra note 1, at 538; See also Vagts, “The Multinational Enterprise: A New Challenge for Transnational Law”, 83 Harv. L. Rev, 1970, at 739.

  79. 79.

    Stephen Coonard, “The United Nations Code of Conduct for Transnational Corporations”, 83 Harv. L. Rev, 1970, at 739.

  80. 80.

    Stark, supra note 1, at 539.

  81. 81.

    Coonard, supra note 80, at 277.

  82. 82.

    B.C. Nirmal, “The Eradication of Poverty in the Era of Globalization: A Human Rights Perspective”, 48 IJIL, 2008, pp. 587–613.

  83. 83.

    Crossman and Adams, “Exercising Power Over Corporations Through State Charters”, in Mander and Goldsmith (eds.) The Case Against the Global Economy, at 389.

  84. 84.

    See B.C. Nirmal, supra note 83.

  85. 85.

    In accordance with article 68(1) of resolution 58/4, the United Nations Convention against Corruption entered into force on December 14, 2005, available at: http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/treaties/CAC/. [accessed on November 29, 2013].

  86. 86.

    The United Nations Convention against Corruption, 2005, Article 20.

  87. 87.

    For the increasing gap between ‘Haves’ and ‘Have Nots’ see U.N. Development Programme Human Development Report, 1994, pp. 16–27.

  88. 88.

    World Development Report, supra note 19, at 180.

  89. 89.

    Ibid.

  90. 90.

    Ibid.

  91. 91.

    Id., at 184.

  92. 92.

    B.C. Nirmal, “Human Right to Health, Access to Drugs and Global Medical Patents”, 49 IJIL, 2009, pp. 377–407; B.C. Nirmal, “International Copyrights Law and Developing Countries”, in S.N. Saxena (eds.), Spotlight on Intellectual Copyrights (2005) pp. 98–113.

  93. 93.

    Id., at 185.

  94. 94.

    “India Has Open Mind on Trade Issues”, The Hindu, August 21, 2001.

  95. 95.

    On the inequitable nature of the TRIPS regime see B.C. Nirmal “Human Right to Health, Access to Drugs and Global Medical Patents”, 49 IJIL, 2009, pp. 377–407; B.C. Nirmal, “International Copyrights Law and Developing Countries”, in S.N. Saxena (eds.), Spotlight on Intellectual Copyrights (2005) pp. 98–113.

  96. 96.

    RIS (Research and Information System for Developing Countries), Annual Report 2006/07 and Work Programme 2007/ 08, available at: http://www.ris.org.in/images/RIS_images/pdf/RIS-AR-2006-07.pdf. [accessed on November 29, 2013].

  97. 97.

    Stark, supra note 1, at 550.

  98. 98.

    Pulpare Balkrishnan, “Globalization True and False”, The Hindu, August 21, 2001.

  99. 99.

    For a clear explication of the limits of G.N.P, see Martha Nussbaum and Amartya Sen, “Introduction” in the Quality of Life (Martha Nussbaum and Amartya Sen (eds.) 1993) at 1.

  100. 100.

    World Bank Report, Attacking Poverty (2001), at 66.

  101. 101.

    Ibid.

  102. 102.

    See the Copenhagen Declaration and Program of Action of the World Summit for Social Development (6–12 March 1995). Excerpts complied in 36 IJIL, 1996, at 104.

  103. 103.

    Mr. Annan said this while addressing a meeting of leading corporate, organized by the Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry, The Hindu, March 17, 2001.

  104. 104.

    E/CN/4/Sub.2/1991/17, PP36-50, especially paras 124–166.

  105. 105.

    Our Common Future, UNEP/GC, 14/13, para 11.

  106. 106.

    Id., para 20.

  107. 107.

    The Vienna Declaration and Program of Action calls upon the International Community to make all efforts to help alleviate the external debt burden of developing countries, in order to supplement the efforts of the government of such countries to attain the full realization of economic, social and cultural rights of their people. For the text see 33 IJIL, 1993, at 133.

  108. 108.

    The World Development Report, supra note 19, pp. 190–200.

  109. 109.

    Id., at 187.

  110. 110.

    ‘Crisis Time for India (Again) at the WTO’, A Correspondent, XLVIII(43) Economic and Political Weekly, October 26, 2013, at 32.

  111. 111.

    Clapham, supra note 52, at 20; Dunne and Wheeler (eds). Human Rights in Global Politics (1999), especially Introduction and Articles of Ken Booth, Martin Saw, Cris Brown and Bhikhu Parekh.

  112. 112.

    Ibid.

  113. 113.

    Id., at 23.

  114. 114.

    See Declaration on the Right and Responsibility of Individuals, Groups and Organs of Society to Promote Universally Recognized Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, 1998.

  115. 115.

    International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) and International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, 1966.

  116. 116.

    See Declaration on the Right and Responsibility of Individuals, Groups and Organs of Society to Promote Universally Recognized Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, 1998.

  117. 117.

    International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) and International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, 1966.

  118. 118.

    999 UNTS, 171.

  119. 119.

    the ICCPR, Article 28(2).

  120. 120.

    Id., Article 18(1).

  121. 121.

    999 UNTS, 3.

  122. 122.

    the ICESCR, Article 11(1).

  123. 123.

    Ibid.

  124. 124.

    Ibid.

  125. 125.

    Id., Article 12(1).

  126. 126.

    Id., Article 13(1).

  127. 127.

    Id., Article 6(1).

  128. 128.

    Id., Article 9.

  129. 129.

    Id., Article 7(b).

  130. 130.

    The Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, 1984.

  131. 131.

    The Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities, 1995 and Declaration on the Rights of Persons Belonging to National or Ethnic, Religious and Linguistic Minorities, 1992.

  132. 132.

    The International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, 1966.

  133. 133.

    The Convention on the Rights of the Child, 1989.

  134. 134.

    The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, 1979.

  135. 135.

    See generally, B.C. Nirmal, The Right to Self-Determination in International Law (1999); Pomerance, Self-Determination in Law and Practice (1982); Sureda, Evolution of Right of Self-Determination (1973); M. Koskennim “National Self-Determination Today”, 43 ICLQ. 1994, at 241; B.C. Nirmal, “Autonomy and Self-Government in International Law” in TPPRC, Tibetan Peoples’s Right of Self-Determination: Myth or Reality (2000) pp. 17–69; B.C. Nirmal, “The Right of Self-Determination of the Tibetan People: Approaches and Modalities”, in TPPRC, Tibetan People’s Right of Self-Determination (1996), pp. 44–77, Ibid, “Aggression as Defined by the General Assembly”, 19 Indian Year book of International Affairs, 1986, pp. 343–349; R Mc Corquodale, “Self-Determination: A Human Rights Approach”, 43 ILLQ, 1994, at 857.

  136. 136.

    General Assembly Resolution 41/128; See Schochter, “The Emerging International Law of Development”, 15 Columbia Journal of International Law, 1976; P. Alston, “Revitalizing United Nations Work on Human Rights and Development”, 18 Melbourne University Law Review, 1991, at 216.

  137. 137.

    B.C. Nirmal, Supra note 136; Barsh, “Indigenous People: An Emerging Object of International Law”, 80 AJIL, 1986, at 360; P. Thomberry, International Law and Minorities (1991); Phillips and Rosas (eds.), The UN. Minority Rights Declaration (1993); Sergio Ortino, “Minority Protection under International Law: Evolution or New Perspective”, 29 the Banaras Law Journal, 2000, at 183.

  138. 138.

    Pierre Schilag, Laying down the Law: Mysticism, Fetishism and the American Legal Mind (1996), at 3.

  139. 139.

    See generally Gillian Rose, The Melancholy Science (1978), at 18; Falk, Explorations at the Edge of Time: The Prospects for World Order (1992), at 10.

  140. 140.

    Stark, supra note 1, at 535.

  141. 141.

    Elizabeth M. Leglesias, “International Law, Human Rights and Latcrit Theory”, 28 Miami Inter-Am. L. Rev., 1997, pp. 1–77, quoted in Stark, supra note 1, at 535.

  142. 142.

    M.N. Shaw, International Law (1997), at 230.

  143. 143.

    Steiner, Introduction to Business and Human Rights: An Interdisciplinary Discussion, held at Harvard Law School, December, 1997, at 11, quoted in Stark, supra note 1.

  144. 144.

    Michael Posner, “Foreword: Human Rights and Non-Governmental Organizations on the Eve of the Next Century”, 66 Fordham L. Review, 1997, pp. 627,628.

  145. 145.

    Jonathan Charney, “Universal International Law”, 87 AJIL, 1993, pp. 523, 529 (observation made in the context of environment).

  146. 146.

    David Harvey, The Condition of Post Modernity: An Enquiry into the Origins of Cultural Change (1989), at 44.

  147. 147.

    Lyotard, The Postmodernism Condition: A Report on Knowledge (1984), at XXIV. (See Footnote 149) Fredric Jainson, Post-Modernism or the Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism (1991). (See Footnote 150) Stark, supra note 1, at 504.

  148. 148.

    Fredric Jainson, Post-Modernism or the Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism (1991). (See Footnote 150) Stark, supra note 1, at 504.

  149. 149.

    Id., 551.

  150. 150.

    Id., 551.

  151. 151.

    Performative roles include persuasions, justification, identification or organization of a political grouping and motivational orientation. Piere Sehlag, “Values”, 6 Yale Journal of Law and Human Rights, 1994, pp. 219, 228.

  152. 152.

    Political rhetoric refers to the range of persuasive arguments for new legal norms that may be addressed to policy makers. Grass root groups, and other constitutions, See Stark, supra note 1, at 547.

  153. 153.

    Stark, supra note 1, at 504.

  154. 154.

    It is hoped that with the coming into force of the optional Protocol of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, Implementation of the Covenant will improve. For details regarding the Protocol, See B.C. Nirmal, “Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights”, 50(III) IJIL, 2010, pp. 380–411.

  155. 155.

    ANND News Letter, ‘on the Way Towards the 9th Ministerial meeting of the WTO; Some Issues for Consideration Part I’, available at: http://www.annd.org/english/data/wto/file/9pdf. [accessed on December 1, 2013].

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Nirmal, B.C. (2018). Globalization, International Human Rights Law and Current Economic Crisis. In: Nirmal, B., Singh, R. (eds) Contemporary Issues in International Law. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-6277-3_14

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