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Authority for Protection and Conservation of the Environment: A Judicial Invocation in India

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Abstract

India is an abode of rich environmental resources that not only offers variant climatic conditions, sacred places of worship, habitat for millions of tribes but also caters to the fast growing development.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Various religious scriptures.

  2. 2.

    P.V. Kane, History of Dharmshastra, IV 555, 1974.

  3. 3.

    The Indian Constitution, Articles 51A (g), 243G, and 243 W.

  4. 4.

    Id., Articles 252 and 253.

  5. 5.

    The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 ; The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981; The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 ; The Wild Life Protection Act, 1972; and the Forest Conservation Act, 1980.

  6. 6.

    The Water Act, 1974, section 23.

  7. 7.

    Id., sections 61, and 62; and the Air Act, 1981, section 47.

  8. 8.

    The Water Act, 1974; the Air Act, 1981; and the Environment Act, 1986.

  9. 9.

    Delhi Bottling Co Pvt. Ltd v. Central Board for Prevention and Control of Water Pollution AIR 1986 Del. 152.

  10. 10.

    Supra note 6, section 33A; and the Air Act, 1981, section 31A.

  11. 11.

    Chaitanya Pulvarising Industry v. Karnataka State Pollution Control Board AIR 1987 Karnataka 82.

  12. 12.

    Rural Litigation and Entitlement Kendra v. State of Uttar Pradesh AIR 1985 SC 652 has no reference to the pollution control Board, where in loss of aquifers due to lime stone quarrying in Dehradun-Mussorie area was reported to the apex court.

  13. 13.

    Enviro Legal Action v. Union of India AIR 1996 SC 1446.

  14. 14.

    The Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980, section 2.

  15. 15.

    As amended in 1988.

  16. 16.

    In February, 2005 a proposal for Bauxite Mining in Kalahandi and Rayagada Districts of Orissa was forwarded by the Government and the same was approved in 2008.

  17. 17.

    FAC in 2010 recommended that a special committee be constituted to examine the issues relating to violation of tribal rights under the Forest Dwellers Act, 2006. And finally the FAC found significant evidence of prima facie violations of the laws: Forest Rights Act, Forest Conservation Act, and Environment Protection Act and noted that any clearance of the project would be in contravention of the laws.

  18. 18.

    G.S.R. 23(E), 2003.

  19. 19.

    The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986, section 3(3).

  20. 20.

    Vellore Citizens Welfare Forum v. UOIAIR 1996 SC 2715, 2724.

  21. 21.

    Ibid.

  22. 22.

    A.P. Pollution Control Board v. M V Nayudu AIR 1999 SC 812; S. Jagannath v. UOI AIR 19,997 SC 811; M. C. Mehta v. UOI AIR 1998 SC 617; Sector 14 Residents Welfare Association v. State of Delhi AIR 1999 SC 308, M.C. Mehta v. UOI AIR 2002 SC (supp) 1696.

  23. 23.

    It may exercise powers vested in central government under sections 3 and 5 of the Act.

  24. 24.

    Supra note 17.

  25. 25.

    Supra note 19.

  26. 26.

    Upendra Baxi, “Environment Protection Act: An Agenda for Implementation”, 15, 1987; NEPA be constituted by collegiums comprising about twenty people selected on the participatory basis from eminent citizens, scientist, social activists in the field of environment, representatives from labor industry, consumer and women group and officials. It should be an autonomous body under the Act.

  27. 27.

    AIR 1997 SC 1228.

  28. 28.

    SO 1008 (E), September 17, 2002.

  29. 29.

    T.N. Godavarman Thirumalpad v. Union of India, decided on 9th September, 2002.

  30. 30.

    Supra note 19, section 2.

  31. 31.

    Supra note 28.

  32. 32.

    States of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Goa, and Odisha.

  33. 33.

    The Environment Act, 1986, section 3(3).

  34. 34.

    Supra note 28, Clause 2 (II) provides for the power to issue administrative direction to the recalcitrant.

  35. 35.

    Samaj Parivartan Samudaya v. State of Karnataka AIR 2012 SC 2326.

  36. 36.

    Ibid.

  37. 37.

    The Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006.

  38. 38.

    The Stockholm Declaration on Human Environment, 1972.

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  1. Faculty of Law, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India

    Ali Mehdi

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  1. National University of Study and Research in Law, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India

    B.C. Nirmal

  2. Faculty of Law, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India

    Rajnish Kumar Singh

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Mehdi, A. (2018). Authority for Protection and Conservation of the Environment: A Judicial Invocation in India. In: Nirmal, B., Singh, R. (eds) Contemporary Issues in International Law. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-6277-3_10

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