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Lipid Domains and Membrane (Re)Shaping: From Biophysics to Biology

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The Biophysics of Cell Membranes

Part of the book series: Springer Series in Biophysics ((BIOPHYSICS,volume 19))

Abstract

The surface of living cells provides an interface that not only separates the outer and inner environments but also contributes to several functions, including regulation of solute influx and efflux, signal transduction, lipid metabolism and trafficking. To fulfill these roles, the cell surface must be tough and plastic at the same time. This could explain why cell membranes exhibit such a large number of different lipid species and why some lipids form membrane domains. Besides the transient nanometric lipid rafts, morphogical evidence for stable submicrometric domains, well-accepted for artificial and highly specialized biological membranes, has been recently reported for a variety of living cells. Such complexity in lipid distribution could play a role in cell physiology, including in cell shaping and reshaping upon deformation and vesiculation. However, this remains to be clearly demonstrated. In this chapter, we highlight the main actors involved in cell (re)shaping, including the cytoskeleton, membrane-bending proteins and membrane biophysical properties. Based on integration of theoretical work and data obtained on model membranes, highly specialized cells and living cells (from prokaryotes to yeast and mammalian cells), we then discuss recent evidences supporting the existence of submicrometric lipid domains and documented mechanisms involved in their control. We also provide key recent advances supporting the role of lipid domains in cell (re)shaping. We believe that the surface of living cells is made of a variety of lipid domains that are differentially controlled and remodelled upon cell (re)shaping.

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Abbreviations

AFM:

atomic force microscopy

BODIPY:

4,4-difluoro-5,7-dimethyl-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene

Ca2+ :

calcium ion

Chol:

cholesterol

CTxB:

cholera toxin B subunit

ER:

endoplasmic reticulum

ERM:

ezrin, radixin, moesin

FCS:

fluorescence correlation spectroscopy

FRAP:

fluorescence recovery after photobleaching

FRET:

fluorescence resonance energy transfer

GPI:

glycosylphosphatidylinositol

GPMV:

giant plasma membrane vesicle

GSL:

glycosphingolipid

GUV:

giant unilamellar vesicle

Ld:

liquid-disordered

Lo:

liquid-ordered

mβCD:

methyl-β-cyclodextrin

MV:

microvesicle

PC:

phosphatidylcholine

PE:

phosphatidylethanolamine

PI:

phosphatidylinositol

PIP2 :

PI(4,5)P2, phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate

PIPs:

phosphoinositides

PM:

plasma membrane

PS:

phosphatidylserine

RBC:

red blood cell

SDS:

sodium dodecyl sulfate

SIM:

structured illumination microscopy

SIMS:

secondary ion mass spectrometry

SM:

sphingomyelin

SMase:

sphingomyelinase

STED:

stimulated emission depletion microscopy

TCR:

T cell receptor

Tm :

melting temperature

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Acknowledgements

The authors acknowledge funding by UCL (FSR, ARC), the F.R.S-FNRS and the Salus Sanguinis foundation. We apologize to all colleagues whose work was not cited due to space constriction.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain (UCL), Brussels, Belgium

    Catherine Léonard & Marie-Paule Mingeot-Leclercq

  2. de Duve Institute, Université catholique de Louvain (UCL), Brussels, Belgium

    Catherine Léonard & Donatienne Tyteca

  3. Institute of Life Sciences, Université catholique de Louvain (UCL), Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium

    David Alsteens & Andra C. Dumitru

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  1. Catherine Léonard
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Correspondence to Donatienne Tyteca .

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  1. Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada

    Richard M. Epand

  2. Sciences Faculty, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium

    Jean-Marie Ruysschaert

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Léonard, C., Alsteens, D., Dumitru, A.C., Mingeot-Leclercq, MP., Tyteca, D. (2017). Lipid Domains and Membrane (Re)Shaping: From Biophysics to Biology. In: Epand, R., Ruysschaert, JM. (eds) The Biophysics of Cell Membranes. Springer Series in Biophysics, vol 19. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-6244-5_5

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