Abstract
The growing commercialization all over the world has led to a boost in the widespread use of chemical pesticides for crop protection in agricultural fields. It has not only contributed to an increase in food production, but its toxic and non-biodegradable character has also resulted in adverse effects on environment and nontarget organisms. Moreover, most of the pests have developed resistance against them. These drawbacks of conventional pesticides have led to an increase in the need for the search of some novel, non-harmful, eco-friendly pesticides. Natural pest control materials commonly known as biocontrol agents are the most promising of them. Biocontrol agents include macroorganisms as well as microorganisms. The microorganisms used are bacteria, fungi, viruses, nematodes and protozoan. The exploitation of these natural and renewable resources is essential for a successful biocontrol strategy. The present review focuses on the use of fungi as potential biocontrol agent for insect pest management. Different fungal formulations and metabolites that have been successfully implemented for pest control and some of the recent patents in this field are also discussed here.
References
Agarwal GP, Rajak RC, Sandhu SS, Khan AK (1990) Beauveria bassiana: a potential pathogen of Atteva fabriciella, the insect of mahaneem. J Trop For 6:172–174
Ahman J, Johansson T, Olsson M, Punt PJ, van den Hondel CA, Tunlid A (2002) Improving the pathogenicity of a nematode trapping fungus by genetic engineering of a subtilisin with nematotoxic activity. Appl Environ Microbiol 73:295–302
Ali S, Zhen H, Wang Q, Shun XR (2011) Production and regulation of extracellular proteases from the Entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae (Cordycipitaceae; Hypocreales) in the presence of diamondback Moth cuticle. Pak J Zool 43:1203–1213
Al-Olayan EM (2013) Evaluation of pathogenicity of certain mitosporic ascomycete fungi to the house fly, Musca domestica L. (diptera: muscidae). J Saudi Chem Soc 17:97–100
Alter JA, Vandenberg JJD (2000) Factors that influencing the infectivity of isolates of Paecilomyces fumosoroseus against diamond back Moth. J Invertebr Pathol 78:31–36
Amala U, Jiji T, Naseema A (2013) Laboratory evaluation of local isolate of entomopathogenic fungus, Paecilomyces lilacinus Thom Samson (ITCC 6064) against adults of melon fruit fly, Bactrocera cucurbitae Coquillett (Diptera; Tephritidae). J Trop Agri 51:132–134
Amarasena S, Mohotti KM, Ahangama D (2011) A locally isolated entomopathogenic fungus to control tea red spider mites (Oligonychus coffeae, Acarina tetranychidae). Trop Agric Res 22:384–391
Andersson PF (2012) Secondary metabolites associated with plant disease, plant defense and biocontrol [Ph.D. thesis]. Uppsala: Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala
Avery PB, Faulla J, Simmands MSJ (2004) Effect of different photoperiods on the infectivity and colonization of Paecilomyces fumosoroseus on the greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum, using a glass slide bioassay. J Insect Sci 4:38
Awaad AS, Al-Jaber NA, Zain ME (2012) New antifungal compounds from Aspergillus terreus isolated from desert soil. Phytother Res 26:1872–1872
Babu V, Murugan S, Thangaraja P (2001) Laboratory studies on the efficacy of neem and the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana on Spodoptera litura. Entomology 56:56–63
Bandani AR, Khambay BPS, Faull J, Newton R, Deadman M, Butt TM (2000) Production of efrapeptins by Tolypocladium species and evaluation of their insecticidal and antimicrobial properties. Mycol Res 104:537–544
Baskar K, Ignacimuthu S (2011) Bioefficacy of Violacein against Asian armyworm Spodoptera litura Fab. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). J Saudi Soc Agric Sci 11:73–77
Benhamon N (2004) Potential of the mycoparasite, Verticillium lecanii, to protect citrus fruit against Penicillium digitatum, the causal agents of green, mold: a comparison with- the effect of chitosan. Phytopathology 94:693–670
Bhattacharyya A, Samal AC, Kar S (2004) Entomophagous fungus in pest management. News Letter 5:1–4
Bidochka MJ, Khachatourians GG (1988) Regulation of extracellular protease in the fungus Beauveria bassiana. Exp Mycol 12:161–168
Broadway RM, Gary EH, Cornell Research Foundation, Inc (2000, May 30) Fungus and insect control with chitinolytic enzymes. US Patent 6,069,299
Burges HD (1998) Formulation of microbial pesticides. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht
Butt TM (2002) Use of entomogenous fungi for the control of insect pests. In: Esser K, Bennett JW (eds) Mycota. Springer, Berlin, pp 111–134
Butt TM, Copping L (2000) Fungal biological control agent. Pestic Outlook 11:186–191
Butt TM, Carreck NL, Ibrahim L, Williams IH (1998) Honey bee mediated infection of pollen beetle (Meligethes spp.) by the insect-pathogenic fungus, Metarhizium anisopliae. Biocontrol Sci Technol 8:533–538
Butt TM, Goettel MS, Papierok B (1999) Directory of specialists involved in the development of fungi as biocontrol agents. Warley, West Midlands
Butt TM, Jackson C, Magan N (2001) Introduction fungal biological control agents: progress, problems and potential. CAB International, Wallingford
Buttachon S, Angsumarn C, Winanda H, Anake K (2013) Acaricidal activity of Hypocrella raciborskii Zimm. (Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae) crude extract and some pure compounds on Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae). Afri J Microbiolo Res 7:577–585
Carrillo D, Dunlap CA, Avery PB, Navarrete J, Duncan RE, Jackson MA, Behle RW, Cave RD, Crane J, Rooney AP, Pena JE (2015) Entomopathogenic fungi as biological control agents for the vector the laurel wilt disease, the redbay ambrosia beetle, Xyleborus glabratus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Biol Control 81:44–50
Charnley K, Richard MC, St. Leger RJ, Agriculture Genetics Company Ltd (1991January, 22) Preparations of protease enzymes derived from entomopathogenic fungi. US Patent 4,987,077
Chen C, Li ZY, Feng MG (2008) Occurrence of entomopathogenic fungi in migratory alate aphids in Yunnan Province of China. Biol Control 53:317–326
Cheraghi A, Behzad H, Mohammad SM (2013) Application of bait treated with the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae (Metsch.) Sorokin for the control of microcerotermes diversus Silv. Psyche 2013:5
Chet T, Schichler H, Haran S, Appenheim AB (1993) Cloned chitinase and their role in biological control of plant pathogenic fungi. In: Proceedings of the international symposium on chitin enzymology. Senigalia, Italy, pp 47–48
Cho EM, Kirkland BH, Holder DJ, Keyhani NO (2007) Phage display cDNA cloning and expression analysis of hydrophobins from the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana (Cordyceps). Microbiology 153:3438–3447
Cook RJ (1993) Making greater use of introduced microorganisms for biological control of plant pathogens. Annu Rev Phytopathol 31:53–80
Copping LG (2004) The manual of biocontrol agents, british crop protection council. Crop Prot 23:275–285
De Bach P (1964) Biological control of insect pest and weeds. Chapman and Hall, London
De Faria MR, Wraight SP (2007) Mycoinsecticides and Mycoacaricides: a comprehensive list with worldwide coverage and international classification of formulation types. Biol Control 43:237–256
Desgranges C, Vergoignan C, Lereec A, Riba G, Durand A (1993) Use of solid state fermentation to produce Beauveria bassiana for the biological control of European corn borer. Biotechnol Adv 11:577–587
Erler F, Ates AO (2015) Potential of two entomopathogenic fungi, Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae), as biological control agents against the june beetle. J Insect Sci 15:44
Eyal J, James FW, Grace WR, Co.-Conn (1994, November 1) Method for production and use of pathogenic fungal preparation for pest control. US Patent 5,360,607
Fan Y, Fang W, Guo S, Pei X, Zhang Y, Xiao Y, Li D, Jin K, Bidochka MJ, Pei Y (2007) Increased insect virulence in Beauveria bassiana strains over expressing an engineered chitinase. Appl Environ Microbiol 73:295–302
Fang W, Leng B, Xiao Y, Jin K, Ma J, Fan Y, Feng J, Yang X, Zhang Y, Pei Y (2005) Cloning of Beauveria bassiana chitinase gene Bbchit1 and its application to improve fungal strain virulence. Appl Environ Microbiol 71:363–370
Fang W, Pei Y, Bidochka MJ (2007) A regulator of a G protein signalling (RGS) gene, cag8, from the insect-pathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae is involved in conidiation, virulence and hydrophobin synthesis. Microbiology 153:1017–1025
Fang W, Scully LR, Zhang L, Pei Y, Bidochka MJ (2008) Implication of a regulator of G protein signalling (BbRGS1) in conidiation and conidial thermotolerance of the insect pathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana. FEMS Microbiol Lett 279:146–156
French-Constant RH, Daborn PJ, Goff L (2004) The genetics and genomics of insecticide resistance. Trends Genet 20:163–700
Gupta S, Montillor C, Hwang YS (1995) Isolation of novel beauvericin analogues from the fungus Beauveria bassiana. J Nat Prod 58:733–738
Hajek AE, Soper RS (1992) Temporal dynamics of Entomophaga maimaiga after death of gypsy moth (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) larval hosts. Environ Entomol 21:129–135
Hasan S, Bhamra AK, Sil K, Rajak RC, Sandhu SS (2002) Spore production of Metarhi-zium anisopliae (ENT-12) by solid state fermentation. J Ind Bot Soc 8:85–88
Hasan S, Anis A, Abhinav P, Nausheen RK, Garima G (2013) Production of extracellular enzymes in the entomopathogenic fungus Verticillium lecanii. Bioinformation 9:238–242
Hassan AEM, Dillon RJ, Charnley AK (1989) Influence of accelerated germination of conidia of the pathogenicity of Metarhizium anisopliae for Manduca sexta. J Invert Patbol 54:277–279
Hawksworth D (2001) The magnitude of fungal diversity: the 1.5 million species estimate revisited. Mycol Res 105:1422–1431
Heydari A (2007) Biological control of Turfgrass fungal disease. In: Pessarakli M (ed) Turfgrass management and physiology. CRC Press, Boca Raton
Heydari A, Mohammad P (2010) A review on biology control of fungal plant pathogen using microbial antagonists. J Biol Sci 10:273–290
Hu QB, Ren SX, An XC, Quain MH (2007) Insecticidal activity influence of destruxins on the pathogenicity of Paecilomyces javanicus against Spodoptera litura. J Appl Entomol 131:262–268
Humber RA (1997) Fungi: identification. In: Lacey L (ed) Manual of techniques in insect pathology. Academic, San Diego
Islam MT, Yasuyuki H, Abhinandan D, Toshinki I, Satoshi T (2005) Suppression of damping-off-disease in host plants by the rhizoplane bacterium Lysobacter sp. strain SB-K88 is linked to plant colonization and antibiosis against soil borne peronosporomycetes. Appl Environ Microbial 71:3786–3796
Jeffs LB, Khachatourians GG (1997) Toxic properties of Beauveria pigments on erythrocyte membranes. Toxicon 35:1351–1356
Jim McNeil (2011) Fungi for the biological control of insect pests fungi for the biological control of insect pests eXtension 4/4
Kaufman PE, Reasor C, Rutz DA, Ketzis JK, Arends J (2005) Evaluation of Beauveria bassiana applications against adult house fly, Musca domestica, in commercial caged-layer poultry facilities in New York state. J Bio Conf 33:360–367
Khachatourians GG (1986) Production and use of biological pest control agents. Tibtech 12:120–124
Khachatourians GG, Sohail SQ (2008) Entomopathogenic fungi. In: Brakhage AA, Zipfel PF (eds) Biochemistry and molecular biology, human and animal relationships. Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg
Khan S, Lihua G, Yushanjiang M, Mahmut M, Dewen Q (2012) Entomopathogenic fungi as microbial biocontrol agent. Mol Plant Breed 3:63–79
Kibata GN (1996) Diamondback moth Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae), a problem pest of Brassica crop in Kenya. In: Farrel G, Kibata GN (eds) Proceedings of the 1st biennial crop protection conference, Nairobi, Kenya
Kodaira Y (1961) Biochemical studies on the muscardine fungi in the silkworms. J Fac Text Sci Technol Sinshu Univ Seric 5:1–68
Koul O, Suresh W, Dhaliwal GS (2008) Essential oils as green pesticides: potential and constraints. Biopestic Int 4:63–84
Lacey LA, Goettel MS (1995) Current developments in microbial control of insect pests and 871 prospects for the early 21st century. Entomophaga 40:1–25
Lacey LA, Frutos R, Kaya HK, Valis P (2001) Insect pathogens as biological control agents: do they have future? Biol Control 21:230–224
Latge JP, Sampedro L, Brey P, Diaquin M (1987) Aggressiveness of Conidiobolus obscures against the pea aphid – influence of cuticular extracts on ballistospore germination of aggressive and nonaggressive strains. J Gen Microbiol 133:1987–1997
Lecouna RE, Turica M, Tarocco F, Crespo DC (2005) Microbial control of Musca domestica (Diptera: Musciadae) with selected strains of Beauveria bassiana. J Med Entomol 42:332–336
Leland JE, Novozymes Biologicals Holidays A/S (2013, June 20) Bio-pesticide methods and compositions. US Patent US 20130156740A1
Li W, Sheng C (2007) Occurrence and distribution of entomo-phthoralean fungi infecting aphids in mainland China. Biocon Sci Technol 17:433–439
Liu WZ, Boucias DG, McCoy CW (1995) Extraction and characterization of the insecticidal toxin hirsutellin A produced by Hirsutella thompsonii var. thompsonii. Expt Mycol 19:254–262
Lozano-Contreras MG, Myriam E, Catalina R, Hugo AL, Luis JG, Maria G (2007) Paecilomyces fumosoroseus blastospore production using liquid culture in a bioreactor. Afri J biotechnol 6:2095–2099
Mahr SER, Raymond A, Cloyd D, Clifford SS (2001) Biological control of insects and other pests of greenhouse crops. North central regional publication 581
Mathew SO, Sandhu SS, Rajak RC (1998) Bioactivity of Nomuraea rileyi against Spilosoma obliqua: effect of dosage, temperature and relative humidity. J Indian Bot Soc 77:23–25
Mochizuki K, Ohmori K, Tamura H, Shizuri Y, Nishiyama S, Miyoshi E, Yamamura S (1993) The structures of bioactive cyclodepsipeptides, Beauveriollides I and II, metabolites of entomopathogenic fungi Beauveria sp. Bull Cheml Soc JPN 66:3041–3046
Moore D, Robson G, Trinci A (2011) Biochemistry and developmental biology of fungi. In: 21st Century guidebook to fungi. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 237–265
Mota-Sanchez D, Bills PS, Whalon ME, Wheeler WB (2002) Arthropod resistance to pesticides: status and overview. In: Wheeler WB (ed) Pesticides in agriculture and the environment. Marcel Dekker Inc, New York, pp 241–272
Mustafa U, Kaur G (2009) Remove from marked records effects of carbon and nitrogen sources and ratio on the germination, growth and sporulation characteristics of Metarhizium anisopliae and Beauveria bassiana isolates. Afri J Agric Res 4:922–930
Mwamburi LA, Laing MD, Miller RM (2010) Laboratory screening of insecticidal activities of Beauveria bassiana and Paecilomyces lilacinus against larval and adult house flies (Musca domestica L.) Afri Entomol 18:38–46
Namatame I, Tomoda H, Tabata N, Si SY, Omura S (1999) Structure elucidation of fungal Beauveriolide-III, a novel inhibitor of lipid droplet formation in mouse macrophages. J Antibiot 52:7–12
Nicholson GM (2007) Fighting the global pest problem: preface to the special Toxicon issue on insecticidal toxins and their potential for insect pest control. Toxicon 49:413–422
Oerke EC, Dehne HW (2004) Safeguarding production – losses in major crops and the role of crop protection. Crop Prot 23:275–285
Padanad MS, Krishnaraj PU (2009) Pathogenicity of native entomopathogenic fungus Nomuraea rileyi against Spodoptera litura. Online Plant Health Prog. https://doi.org/10.1094/PHP-2009-0807-01-RS
Pandya U, Saraf M (2010) Application of fungi as a biocontrol agent and their biofertilizer potential in agriculture. J Adv Dev Res 1:90–99
Patel CS (2011, August 18) Composition and method of preparation of fungal based bio insecticide from combination of Metarhizium anisopliae, Beauveria bassiana and Verticillium lecanii fungus with enzymes, fats and growth promoting molecules for controlling various foliage pest and soil borne insect. WO Patent 2011099022A1
Pendland JC, Boucias DG (1986) Lactin binding characteristics of several entomogenous hyphomycetes. Possible relationship to insect hemagglutinisns. Mycologia 78:818–824
Perinotto WMS, Angelo IC, Golo PS, Camargo MG, Quinelato S, Santi L, Vainstein MH, da Silva WOB, Salles CMC, Bittencourt VREP (2014) Metarhizium anisopliae (Deuteromycetes: Moniliaceae) Pr1 activity: biochemical marker of fungal virulence in Rhipicephalus microplus (Acari: Ixodidae). Biocontrol Sci Technol:24, 123–132
Prenerova E, Rostislay Z, LubomÃr V, Frantisek W, Biology Centre As Cr, V.v.i., Eva Prenerova (2011 April, 27) Strain of entomopathogenic fungus Isaria fumosorosea ccm 8367 (ccefo.011.pfr) and the method for controlling insect and mite pests. European Patent 2313488A1
Qazi SS, Khachatourians GG (2005) Insect pests of Pakistan and their management practices: prospects for the use of entomopathogenic fungi. Biopest Int 1:13–24
Reineke A, Bischoff-Schaefer M, Rondot Y, Galidevara S, Hirsch J, Uma Devi K (2014) Microsatellite markers to monitor a commercialized isolate of the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana in different environments: technical validation and first applications. J Biol Control 70:1–8
Roberts DW (1996) Toxins from the entomogenous fungus Metarhizium anisopliae II. Symptoms and detection in moribund host. J Invert Patbol 8:222–227
Roberts DW, St. Leger RJ (2004) Metarhizium spp., cosmopolitan insect-pathogenic fungi: mycological aspects. Adv Appl Microbiol 54:1–70
Rombach MC, Roberts DW, Aguda RM (1994) Pathogens of rice insects. In: Heinrichs EA (ed) Biology and management of rice insects. Wiley, New York, pp 613–655
Sandhu SS (1993) Mode of entry of Beauveria bassiana in Helicoverpa armigera larvae. Natl Acad Sci Lett 16:133–135
Sandhu SS (1995) Effect of physical factors on germination of entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana conidia. Natl Acad Sci Lett 18:1–5
Sandhu SS, Rajak RC, Hasija SK (2000) Bioactivity of Metarhizium anisopliae against Teak skeletonizer. Microbes Agric Indus Environ 2000:115–124
Sandhu SS, Kinghorn JR, Shiela EU, Rajak RC (2001) Transformation system of Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae using the nitrate reductase gene of Aspergillus niger. Indian J Exp Biol 39:650–653
Sandhu SS, Anil KS, Vikas B, Gunjan G, Priya B, Anil K, Sundeep J, Sharma AK, Sonal M (2012) Myco-biocontrol of insect pests: factors involved mechanism, and regulation. J Pathog 2012:1–10
Sharififard M, Mossadegh MS, Vazirian-zadhe B, Mahmoudabadi AZ (2011) Laboratory pathogenicity of entomopathogenic fungi, Beauveria bassiana (Bals) Vuill. and Metarhizium anisopliae (Metch.) Sorok. To larvae and adult of house fly, Musca domestica L. (Diptera: Muscidae). Asian J Bio Sci 4:128–137
Sharma K (2004) Bionatural management of pests in organic farming. Agrobios Newsl 2:296–325
Silawat N, Sandhu SS, Rajak RC (2002) Development of hybrid by intergeneric protoplast fusion of Tolypocladium inflatum and Beauveria bassiana. J Basic Appl Mycol 1:98–100
Smith RJ, Pekrul S, Grula EA (1981) Requirement for sequential enzymatic activities for penetration of the integument of the corn earworm (Heliothis zea). J Invert Pathol 38:335–344
Soman AG, Glor JB, Angawi RF, Wicklow DT, Dowd PF (2001) Vertilecanins: new phenopicolinic acid analogues from Verticillium lecanii. J Nat Prod 64:189–192
St. Leger RJ, Wang C (2009) Entomopathogenic fungi and the genomic era. In: Stock SP, Vandenberg J, Glazer I, Boemare N (eds) Insect pathogens: molecular approaches and techniques. CABI, Wallingford, pp 365–400
St. Leger RJ, Durrands PK, Cooper RM, Charnley AK (1988) Regulation of production of proteolytic enzymes by the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae. Arch Microbiol 150:413–416
St. Leger RJ, Goettel M, Roberts DW, Staples RC (1991) Preparation events during infection of host cuticle by Metarhizium anisopliae. J Invert Pathol 58:168–179
St. Leger RJ, Joshi L, Bidochka MJ, Roberts DW (1996) Construction of an improved mycoinsecticide over expressing a toxic protease. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93:6349–6354
Stimac JL, Roberto P, University of Florida Research Foundation Inc (1997, November 4) Controlling cockroaches, carpenter ants, and pharaoh ants using strains of Beauveria bassiana. US Patent 5,683,689A
Strasser H, Vey A, Butt TM (2000) Are there any risks in using entomopathogenic fungi for pest control, with particular reference to the bioactive metabolites of Metarhizium, Tolypocladium and Beauveria species? Biocontrol Sci Technol 10:717–735
Suzuki A, Kanaoka M, Isogai A, Murakoshi S, Ichinoe M, Tamura S (1977) Bassianolide, a new insecticidal cyclodepsipeptide from Beauveria bassiana and Verticillium lecanii. Tetrahedron Lett 25:2167–2170
Thakur R, Sandhu SS (2003) Development of transformation system for entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae (ENT 12) based on cnx-gene. Ind J Microbiol 43:187–192
Thomas MB, Read AF (2007) Can fungal biopesticides control malaria? Nat Rev Microbiol 5:377–383
Tuli HS, Sandhu SS, Kashyap D, Sharma AK (2014a) Optimization of extraction compounds and antimicrobial potential of a bioactive metabolite, Cordycepin from Cordyceps militaris. World J Phar Pharmac Sci 3:1525–1535
Tuli HS, Sandhu SS, Sharma AK (2014b) Pharmacological and therapeutic potential of Cordyceps with special reference to Cordycepin. 3 Biotech 4:1–12
Turner G (2000) Exploitation of fungal secondary metabolites old and new. Microbiol Today 27:118–120
Tzean SS, Hsieh LS, Wu WJ (1997) Atlas of entomopathogenic fungi from Taiwan Council of Agriculture, Taiwan, ROC. p 214
Vurro M, Zonno MC, Evidente A, Andolfi A, Montemurro P (2001) Enhancement of efficacy 836 of Ascochyta caulina to control Chenopodium album by use of phytotoxins and reduced rates 837 of herbicides. Biol Control 21:182–190
Wang C, St Leger RJ (2007) The Metarhizium anisopliae perilipin homolog MPL1 regulates lipid metabolism, appressorial turgor pressure, and virulence. J Biol Chem 282:21110–21115
Wang CS, Skrobek A, Butt TM (2004) Investigations on the destruxin production of the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae. J Invertebr Pathol 85:168–174
Weiser J, Matha V (1988) Tolypin, a new insecticidal metabolite of fungi of the genus Tolypocladium. J Invertebr Pathol:51, 94–96
Whright SP, Jackson MA, De Kock SL (2001) Production stabilization and formulation of fungal biological agents. In: Butt TM, Jacktion C, Magan N (eds) Fungi as biocontrol agents. CABI, Wallinford, pp 253–287
Wilson BJ (1971) In: Ciegler A, Kadis S, Aje SJ (eds) Microbial toxins: a comprehensive treatise. Academic, New York, pp 288–289
Xie L, Hongmei C, Jibin Y (2013) Conidia production by Beauveria bassiana on rice in solid state fermentation using tray bioreactors. Adv Mater Res 610:3478–3482
Yu J, Keller N (2005) Regulation of secondary metabolism in filamentous fungi. Annu Rev Phytopathol 43:437–458
Zain ME, Awaad AS, Razzak AA, Maitland DJ, Khamis NE, Sakhawy MA (2009) Secondary metabolites of Aureobasidium pullulans isolated from Egyptian soil and their biological activity. J Appl Sci Res 5:1582–1591
Zain ME, Amani SA, Monerah RA, Ahmed MA, Reham ME (2013) Biological activity of fungal secondary metabolites. Int J Chem Appl Biol Sci 1:14–22
Zimmermann G (2007) Review on safety of the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana and Beauveria brongniartii. Biocontrol Sci Teechnol 17:553–596
Acknowledgment
The authors of this review would like to thank the Vice-Chancellor, R.D. University Jabalpur for his kind support and help. We would also like to thank the Head, Department of Biological Sciences, R.D. University, Jabalpur, India, for technical and linguistic assistance.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2017 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Sandhu, S.S., Shukla, H., Aharwal, R.P., Kumar, S., Shukla, S. (2017). Efficacy of Entomopathogenic Fungi as Green Pesticides: Current and Future Prospects. In: Panpatte, D., Jhala, Y., Vyas, R., Shelat, H. (eds) Microorganisms for Green Revolution. Microorganisms for Sustainability, vol 6. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-6241-4_17
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-6241-4_17
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-10-6240-7
Online ISBN: 978-981-10-6241-4
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)