Abstract
The introduction of foreign labor to Taiwan is based on the principle of supplementary. Employing foreign laborers usually costs more than employing Taiwanese because the cost of foreign labor includes taxes and fees, housing and meals, and so on. In addition, the application and management process is burdensome. Thus, the incentive to proactively employ foreign laborers might be weak. However, foreign laborers take jobs that mitigate the unskilled labor shortage, reduce the barriers to return investments from China to Taiwan, and keep the optimal operation in Taiwan. Regarding foreign caregivers, the work differs significantly from that of Taiwanese caregivers, thus foreign caregivers might not influence the job opportunities of Taiwanese caregivers. Rather, they are indispensable caregivers, whose services will be increasingly in demand as Taiwan’s population ages. Moreover, foreign caregivers might help to prevent Taiwanese women’s exit from the workforce to care for family or household responsibilities.
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Notes
- 1.
Because the numbers of foreign farm workers/sailors and foreign domestic workers are only about 10,000 and 2,000, respectively, their influence on the labor market in Taiwan seems small. Therefore, in this chapter, the analysis excludes these foreign laborers.
- 2.
- 3.
Ministry of Labor, http://statdb.mol.gov.tw/evta/JspProxy.aspx?sys=100&kind=10&type=1&funid=wqrymenu2&cparm1=wq14&rdm=NLlx5tai Accessed April 28, 2017.
- 4.
Ministry of Labor, http://statdb.mol.gov.tw/evta/JspProxy.aspx?sys=100&kind=10&type=1&funid=wqrymenu2&cparm1=wq14&rdm=piaqZalf Accessed April 28, 2017.
- 5.
This is adapted from the Japanese kitsui, kitanai, and kiken industries; in English, it would be 3D: dirty, dangerous, and demeaning.
- 6.
Ministry of Labor, http://english.mol.gov.tw/homeinfo/7040/7815/?cprint=pt Accessed August 10, 2016. New domestic investment cases, such as new factories or new research and development, can add 5 or 10% and 10 or 20%, respectively, to their foreign labor quotas (Taiwan Labor e-Quarterly 2013, p. 9).
- 7.
Ministry of Labor, http://english.mol.gov.tw/homeinfo/7040/7815/?cprint=pt Accessed October 3, 2016.
- 8.
Ministry of Labor, http://statdb.mol.gov.tw/evta/jspProxy.aspx?sys=100&kind=10&type=1&funid=wqrymenu2&cparm1=wq14&rdm=ipclygrd Accessed March 8, 2017.
- 9.
Directorate General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics, Executive Yuan,http://win.dgbas.gov.tw/dgbas02/seg2/104/104%E6%94%BF%E4%BA%8B-pdf/%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90%E8%AA%AA%E6%98%8E/SF104ds17.pdf Accessed May 15, 2017.
- 10.
National Immigration Agency, http://www.immigration.gov.tw/ct.asp?xItem=1110049&ctNode=30458&mp=s015; Ministry of Foreign Affairs, http://taiwantoday.tw/ct.asp?xItem=225713&ctNode=2317 Accessed October 12, 2016.
- 11.
Taipei City Foreign and Disabled Labor Office, http://www.fd.gov.taipei/ct.asp?xItem=144886899&ctNode=67010&mp=116053 Accessed October 12, 2016.
- 12.
The minimum wage is TWD 21,009 in 2017 (Ministry of Labor, https://www.mol.gov.tw/topic/3067/5990/13171/19154/ Accessed January 4, 2017.
- 13.
- 14.
However, because the number of approved foreign laborers is determined by an employer’s number of Taiwanese laborers, in practice, the number of foreign laborers could be small if an employer does not employ sufficient Taiwanese laborers. This rule sometimes is a significant obstacle for employers suffering from the labor shortage (Global Views, Oct. 2015, p. 164).
- 15.
Directorate-General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics, Executive Yuan, http://win.dgbas.gov.tw/dgbas04/bc5/EarningAndProductivity/QueryPages/MoreTableOutput.aspx Accessed March 30, 2017.
- 16.
Most foreign caregivers are live-in employees, whereas Taiwanese caregivers work only 2 or 3 days per week. Thus, it is difficult to compare their work hours, and we compare the work hours of foreign industrial laborers to those of Taiwanese industrial laborers.
- 17.
Ministry of Labor, http://www.mol.gov.tw/statistics/2452/ Accessed March 21, 2017.
- 18.
According to the director of the Department of Overseas Labour in the Vietnamese Government, Vietnamese laborers’ missing rate is high in countries other than Taiwan as well as in Taiwan. However, the Vietnamese government established countermeasures and the missing rate is decreasing. These countermeasures are: Laborers who want to work overseas must deposit money with the government. If a laborer cannot afford to the deposit, he or she should obtain a guarantor (Interview with the director of the Department of Overseas Labour, Vietnamese Government, August 25, 2008).
- 19.
Workforce Development Agency, https://www.wda.gov.tw/uploaddowndoc?file=/pubevta/InformationPublic/201510120931420.pdf&flag=pdf Accessed March 10, 2017.
- 20.
As explained above, Taiwanese caregivers do not live where they work; thus, the work hours of foreign caregivers cannot compare to those of Taiwanese caregivers.
- 21.
However, as Table 5.7 shows, 84.38% of employers provide housing and meals to their foreign industrial laborers, and only 56.02% of those employers deduct the expenses from their foreign laborers wages. In addition, the average amount deducted per month is TWD 2,299.
- 22.
Ministry of Labor, http://www.mol.gov.tw/announcement/2099/22985/ Accessed August 30, 2016.
- 23.
Workforce Development Agency, http://dhsc.wda.gov.tw/addCounter.dh?one=add&kind=ch Accessed March 20, 2017.
- 24.
- 25.
Ministry of Labor http://www.mol.gov.tw/announcement/2099/23153/ Accessed April 5, 2017.
- 26.
Workforce Development Agency, http://labchg.wda.gov.tw/fl_map/internet/index.jsp Accessed April 24, 2017.
- 27.
Ministry of Labor, http://www.mol.gov.tw/announcement/2099/16194/?cprint=pt Accessed April 24, 2017.
- 28.
Ministry of Labor, http://www.mol.gov.tw/announcement/2099/23774/ Accessed April 24, 2017.
- 29.
Workforce Development Agency, https://www.wda.gov.tw/home.jsp?pageno=201111160008&acttype=view&dataserno=201509100008 Accessed April 24, 2017.
- 30.
Workforce Development Agency, https://www.wda.gov.tw/home.jsp?pageno=201310280119&acttype=view&dataserno=201402190026 Accessed April 24, 2017.
- 31.
South East Asia Group, http://www.sea.com.tw/news_detail.php?sn=3428#.WOtzDvnyh1s Accessed April 24, 2017.
- 32.
Workforce Development Agency, http://www.fw.org.tw/flabor97/info_project.php Accessed April 24, 2017.
- 33.
Bethlehem Mission, http://www.smb.tw/xinzhu-chin.html Accessed May 15, 2017.
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Nakahara, Y. (2017). Foreign Laborers: Status and Problems. In: International Labor Mobility to and from Taiwan. SpringerBriefs in Economics. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-6047-2_5
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