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Zero Liquid Discharge in Desalination

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Sustainable Membrane Technology for Water and Wastewater Treatment

Part of the book series: Green Chemistry and Sustainable Technology ((GCST))

Abstract

Global water stress, raw material depletion, environmental pollution, energy production, and consumption are already severe problems that our modern society have to solve and overcome for maintaining and increasing the quality of our life. Membrane engineering with its various operations is one of the disciplines more involved in the technological innovations necessary to face these strongly interconnected problems. In this work, the most interesting aspects of membrane engineering in water desalination are identified, not only for the production of freshwater but also for the production of energy and for the recovery of metals from the concentrated waste streams of the desalination plants. In particular, the potentialities of integrated membrane-based desalination processes with membrane distillation (MD)/membrane crystallization (MCr)/pressure-retarded osmosis/reverse electrodialysis units are described. Desalination processes designed in this way could become closed systems, exploiting seawater in order to approach zero liquid discharge (ZLD), or near ZLD, and total raw materials utilization.

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Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute on Membrane Technology (ITM-CNR), National Research Council, Cubo 17C, via Pietro Bucci, 87036, Rende, CS, Italy

    Francesca Macedonio & Enrico Drioli

  2. Department of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy

    Francesca Macedonio & Enrico Drioli

  3. WCU Energy Engineering Department, HanyangUniversity, Seoul, 133-791 S, Korea

    Enrico Drioli

  4. Center of Excellence in Desalination Technology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

    Enrico Drioli

Authors
  1. Francesca Macedonio
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  2. Enrico Drioli
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Francesca Macedonio .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Institute on Membrane Technology, National Research Council of Italy, ITM-CNR, Rende, Cosenza, Italy

    Alberto Figoli

  2. Institute on Membrane Technology, National Research Council of Italy, ITM-CNR, Rende, Cosenza, Italy

    Alessandra Criscuoli

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Macedonio, F., Drioli, E. (2017). Zero Liquid Discharge in Desalination. In: Figoli, A., Criscuoli, A. (eds) Sustainable Membrane Technology for Water and Wastewater Treatment. Green Chemistry and Sustainable Technology. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-5623-9_8

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