Abstract
The main ways of intensification of membrane processes were classified into three groups. In the first group those methods, which depend on the selection of the type of the membrane in terms of material and microstructure, were described. The second group includes information relating to concentration polarization, which is always present in membrane separation processes. In practice, the occurrence of concentration polarization exerts even more distinct effect than resistance of the membrane itself with respect to performance. Reduction of the concentration polarization allows greater permeate flux but requires additional actions and additional energy. The third way of the intensification of membrane processes is to design a suitable configuration, i.e., the selection of membrane modules and their connections. The most spectacular way of process intensification of separation is the use of modern hybrid processes, which are discussed later in this chapter.
The original version of this chapter was revised: Belated corrections have been incorporated. The erratum to this chapter is available at https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-5623-9_14
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Abbreviations
- A :
-
Surface area [m2]
- A :
- C :
-
Concentration [kg m−3]
- CF:
-
Concentration factor (CF = C R /C F ) [−]
- D :
-
Diffusion coefficient [m2 s−1]
- d :
-
Diameter [m]
- f :
-
Age function [–]
- J :
-
Volumetric permeate flux [m3 m−2s−1]
- J i :
-
Mass permeate flux for ith component [kg m−2 s−1]
- J(t):
-
Instantaneous flux [m3 m−2 s−1]
- j :
-
By-pass ratio (j = m b /m F ) [−]
- K :
-
Permeability factor [kg m−1 s−1 bar−1]
- k :
-
Boltzmann constant (1.38064852 × 10−23) [m2 kg s−2 K−1]
- k :
-
Constant in Hermia’s Eq. 3.3. [−]
- k :
-
Mass transport coefficient (overall) [m/s]
- l :
-
Thickness of the membrane [m]
- M :
-
Molecular mass [kg/kmol]
- m :
-
Mass flow rate [kg/s]
- m :
-
The ratio of dry mass to the wet mass [−]
- n :
-
Constant in Hermia’s equation Eq. 3.21 [−]
- n :
-
Circulation ratio (n = m c /m R ) [−]
- P :
-
Pressure [bar]
- Q :
-
Volumetric flow rate [m3 s−1]
- R :
-
Universal gas constant (8.314459848) [J K−1 mol−1]
- R :
-
Volumetric flow resistance [bar s m−1]
- r :
-
Pore radius [m]
- R :
-
Retention coefficient [−]
- RC:
-
Recovery factor (RC = mP/mF) [–]
- Re :
-
Reynolds number (Re = udρ/μ) [−]
- S :
-
Solubility factor (S = ΔC/ΔP) [kg m−3 bar]
- s :
-
Rate of surface renewal (by Danckwerts) [m s−1]
- Sh :
-
Sherwood number (Sh = k d/D) [−]
- Sc :
-
Schmidt number (Sc = µ/Dρ) [−]
- T :
-
Temperature [K]
- t :
-
Time [s]
- U :
-
Electrical potential [V]
- u :
-
Velocity [m s−1]
- V :
-
Volume [m3]
- α :
-
Specific resistance of the cake [−]
- γ :
-
Shear rate [s−1]
- δ :
-
Thickness of the boundary layer [m]
- η :
-
Viscosity [kg m−1 s−1]
- ϕ :
-
Solid fraction in suspension [−]
- λ :
-
Mean free path of molecules [m]
- μ :
-
Chemical potential [J mol−1]
- π :
-
Osmotic pressure [bar]
- ρ :
-
Density [kg m−3]
- ψ :
-
The shape constant [-]
- A:
-
Component A
- crit:
-
Critical (flux)
- c:
-
Cleaning (time)
- drag:
-
Drag (force)
- F:
-
Feed
- G:
-
Gel
- lift:
-
Lifting (force)
- p:
-
Process (time)
- P:
-
Permeate
- R:
-
Retentate
- W:
-
Wall
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Koltuniewicz, A.B. (2017). Process Intensification: Definition and Application to Membrane Processes. In: Figoli, A., Criscuoli, A. (eds) Sustainable Membrane Technology for Water and Wastewater Treatment. Green Chemistry and Sustainable Technology. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-5623-9_3
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