Nasal Anatomy Using Realistic Anatomical Models

Abstract

Endoscopic lacrimal surgeries are rapidly gaining foothold with increasing indications and newer technologies. Training is an essential part of learning any surgical procedures; however, the maneuvering of instruments by inexperienced surgeons can be dangerous in the nasal cavity owing to its complex structure and relationship to crucial anatomical landmarks [1–3]. The most common mode of training is in the operating room where the inexperienced surgeon assists or is assisted by an experienced surgeon. Cadavers have also been used but have multiple legal and ethical issues. Virtual reality-based training with the help of computer software is an upcoming modality where multiple algorithms interact with the users. However, lack of real surgical instrument use and expenses curtails its use for routine training.