Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

The Process of Transformation of Traditional Flexible Manufacturing into Industrial Revolution in Britain

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
The Story of Indian Manufacturing

  • 548 Accesses

Abstract

In the chapter, the entire process of transformation of traditional flexible manufacturing into modern manufacturing, as it occurred in Britain, is described in detail. This chapter also analyses how British manufacturing, which had emerged from the transformation of traditional flexible manufacturing, retained some of its characteristics. As a consequence, British manufacturing remained primarily consisting of family-owned enterprises, generally small in size, engaged in specialized production processes. Due to these characteristics, it also retained built-in flexibilities that were attributes of traditional flexible manufacturing. The most important reason for including this chapter in the book is to show how the British Industrial Revolution conditioned the growth of manufacturing in other countries, especially in those countries that Britain had integrated as its colonies.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 109.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 139.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 139.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    This form of organization of manufacturing has been described variously by scholars; viz. ‘protean stage of industrialization’ by Hobsbawn (1954); ‘industry before industrial revolution’ by Tilly and Tilly (1971); ‘Proto- industrialization’ by Mendels (1972) and ‘Proto-factory’ by Freudenberger and Redlick (1964).

  2. 2.

    For understanding regarding these diverse forms of manufacturing, which were prevalent in Britain before the Industrial Revolution, see Cippola (1974), Burke (1979), Postan and Rich (1952), Thirsk (1994) and Weber (1927).

  3. 3.

    To understand the impact of socio-economic and technological changes that were experienced by different forms of manufacturing enterprises, see Dobb (1963); Hill (1967) and Cippola (1974).

  4. 4.

    See for this, Wrigley and Schofield (1981).

  5. 5.

    See Wrigley (1988) and Hudson (1996).

  6. 6.

    See Oglivie and Carmen (1996).

  7. 7.

    See Mandeville (1714, 1989) and Hoppit and Wrigley (1994).

  8. 8.

    For this, see Landes (1969), p. 44.

  9. 9.

    See Mendels (1972).

  10. 10.

    In 1954, W. Arthur Lewis, one of the leading development economists, evolved a model that explained how developing economies can use the unlimited supply of labour to achieve economic growth; see Lewis (1954).

  11. 11.

    For details regarding these ideas, see Freudenberger and Redlick (1964) and Landes (1998).

  12. 12.

    For this kind of analysis, see Landes (1998).

  13. 13.

    Pollard (1968)

  14. 14.

    Pollard (1968), p. 46.

  15. 15.

    The concept of economies of agglomeration was introduced in economic analysis by Alfred Weber to show how firms, which are located at close proximity to each other in cluster form and have strong technological linkages, get benefits from external economies. Therefore, all kinds of saving in costs, which firms enjoy due to their location at the same place, he described as economies of agglomeration; see Weber (1929).

  16. 16.

    For the complete understanding of the concept of flexible specialization, see Piore and Sabel (1984).

  17. 17.

    To understand the differences between the nature of capital being used in traditional flexible manufacturing and modern manufacturing, see Hicks (1969) and Pollard (1968).

  18. 18.

    For understanding the difference between the Smith–Ricardo and Harrod–Hicks models regarding concept of capital see Hicks (1965) and Fei and Gustav (1989).

  19. 19.

    See for this Smith (1776, 2003).

  20. 20.

    See West (1976).

  21. 21.

    See Pollard (1968), p. 19 and Caton (1985).

  22. 22.

    For understanding the process as to how traditional flexible manufacturing helped in skill formation in Britain, see Seth (2002).

  23. 23.

    To understand how the use of machines influences the learning of workers, see Berg (1980), Braverman (1974, 1989) and Seth (2000, 2002).

  24. 24.

    See Babbage (1835/1971).

  25. 25.

    See Babbage (1835/1971), Chapter 22.

  26. 26.

    See Babbage (1835/1971), p. 212.

  27. 27.

    See Babbage (1835/1971), p. 175.

  28. 28.

    See Rosenberg (2000) and Seth (2002).

  29. 29.

    For the understanding of Babbage’s formulation, see Rosenberg (1976).

  30. 30.

    For detailed understanding about Smith’s concept of division of labour, see Kindleberger (1976), Caton (1985) and Landes (1986).

  31. 31.

    For understanding Smith’s theory of profit, see Smith (1776, 2003), Ch. IX and X.

  32. 32.

    For detail about the ‘depredation theory’, see Schumpeter (1954), p. 333.

  33. 33.

    For understanding regarding Ricardo’s views of machinery and its implications for the process of production, see Ricardo (1863/1882), Chapter 32. See Chayanov (1925/1968).

  34. 34.

    See Chayanov (1925/1968).

  35. 35.

    For knowledge regarding the relationship between the behaviour of pre-industrial household and traditional flexible manufacturing, see Kriedite et al. (1981).

  36. 36.

    For understanding the concept of labour-consumption balance.

  37. 37.

    To know how the behaviour of the household of the pre-industrial family economy provided advantage to traditional flexible manufacturing, see Medick (1994), p. 416.

  38. 38.

    For understanding regarding the process of transformation of circulating capital of merchants into fixed capital of modern factories, see Defoe (1928).

  39. 39.

    For the knowledge regarding these different advantages, see Mendels (1982) and Wilson (1994).

  40. 40.

    To have complete understanding regarding the process of transformation from traditional flexible manufacturing into modern manufacturing, as experienced by capital-extensive and capital-intensive manufacturing industries, see Freudenberger and Redlick (1964), p. 379.

  41. 41.

    See Ashton (1926).

  42. 42.

    To know the legislations that were enacted by the British government to control embezzlement of raw materials by the artisans, see Pollard (1968), pp. 46–48.

  43. 43.

    For these facts, see Landes (1994), p. 123.

  44. 44.

    To know about the process of transformation of traditional flexible manufacturing into modern factory form of organization in British manufacturing industries, see Mathias (1959).

  45. 45.

    To know the relationship between mining and farming, in historical perspective, see Thirsk (1994), pp. 72–73.

  46. 46.

    See. Burt (1998), p. 104.

  47. 47.

    For understanding of ‘inversion of behaviour’ amongst the members of household production units of traditional flexible manufacturing, see Chayanov (1925/1968), Miller (1969) and Kriedite et al. (1981).

  48. 48.

    See, Landes (1994), p. 124.

  49. 49.

    For the understanding regarding the process of technological change that occurred during this period, see Singer et al. (1958), vol. I and II, Rider (2007), vol. I and II and Horn (2007).

  50. 50.

    See Prasannan Parthasarthy (2011), Ch. IV, in which he has described this process of divergence in detail.

  51. 51.

    For a detailed analysis of this argument, see Lemire (1991, 2004).

  52. 52.

    See Coleman (1973) and Jenkins (1994).

  53. 53.

    See Walton (1989).

  54. 54.

    See Chapman (1965).

  55. 55.

    For further details regarding this strand of thought, see Parthasarthy (2011), Riello and Parthasarthy (2011) and Riello and Roy (eds.) (2009).

  56. 56.

    See Berg (2005).

  57. 57.

    See Berg (2005), pp. 21–46, 85–111.

  58. 58.

    See Seth (1987).

  59. 59.

    Rostow (1957) has described the textile manufacturing industry of Britain as the leading sector of the economy because it provided the initial impetus to several other manufacturing industries. Also, see Rostow (1963).

  60. 60.

    For details regarding the series of inventions that transformed the traditional flexible manufacturing into the modern factory form of organization of production, see Singer et al. (1958) and Ashton (1960).

  61. 61.

    The scholars who believe that there was continuity in the process of transformation for traditional flexible to modern manufacturing, rather than any revolutionary change, see Hobsbawn (1968) and Wilson (1965).

  62. 62.

    The scholars who have accepted c.1760 as the turning point in the growth of output in the manufacturing sector of Britain are Neff (1943) and Ashton (1948).

  63. 63.

    See Landes (1998), p. 43.

  64. 64.

    See Landes (1998), p. 43–44.

  65. 65.

    These ideas are available in Frank (1998).

  66. 66.

    Anti-machine rhetoric is an on-going theme in the working-class movement. Machine breaking amongst Luddites has provided enough material for the historians of the British labour movement, see Berg (1980), pp. 15–17.

  67. 67.

    See Marx (1853), Dutt (1956), p. 103 and Seth (1987), Ch. II.

  68. 68.

    For details regarding these facts, see Raphael (1994), Hoppit and Wrigley (eds.) (1994), vol. II, Part V pp. 196–263.

  69. 69.

    See Berg (1993).

  70. 70.

    See Treblicock (1969) and Behagg (1194).

  71. 71.

    See, Berg (1980), p. 4.

  72. 72.

    See Behagg (1998), p. 6.

  73. 73.

    See Habhakuk (1962), Smith (1967), Treblicock (1969) and Behagg (1998).

  74. 74.

    See Habhakuk (1962), Zeitlin (1995), Lazonick (1990) and Berg (1993).

  75. 75.

    See Lazonick (1991), p. 26.

  76. 76.

    See Marshall (1919).

  77. 77.

    See for details Florence (1948).

  78. 78.

    See Weber (1929).

  79. 79.

    See Marshall (1929).

  80. 80.

    See Piore and Sabel (1984).

  81. 81.

    See for this Smith (1776, 2003).

  82. 82.

    The problems associated with separation between ownership and control has led to the origin of behavioural as well as managerial theories of firms. These theories are discussed in detail in the text books of Micro-Economics and Managerial Economics.

  83. 83.

    To know the distinction between markets coordinated (working of invisible hand of market) and managerially coordinated (visible hand of managerial hierarchies), see Chandler (1962, 1977) and Mc Graw (1988).

  84. 84.

    Term used by Chandler (1962, 1977) for the British form of capitalism, which was based on organization of production, where firms enjoyed integration between ownership and control.

  85. 85.

    To know in detail the history and characteristics of the Rolls-Royce Motor Car company of Britain, see Nocklods (1959), Bird and Hallow (1984) and Pugh (2000).

Bibliography

  • Ashton, T. S. (1926). The domestic system in early Lancashire tool trade. Economic History Review, 1(1), 120–143.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ashton, T. S. (1948). Industrial revolution 1760–1800. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ashton, T. S. (1960). Industrial revolution, 1760–1800. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Babbage, C. (1835/1971). Economics of machinery and manufactures . Fairfield: A. M. Kelley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Behagg, C. (1998). Mass production without factory; craft producers, guns and small firm. Business History, 40(3), 1–15.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Berg, M. (1980). Machinery question and making of political economy. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berg, M. (1993). Small producers capitalism in eighteenth century England. Business History, 35(l), 17–39.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Berg, M. (2005). Luxury and pleasure in eighteenth-century Britain. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bired, A., & Hallow, I. (1984). Rolls-Royce motor car. London: B.T. Batsford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Braverman, H. (1974). Labor and monopoly capital – The degradation work in twentieth century. New York: Monthly Review Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Braverman, H. (1989). The degradation work in twentieth century. Monthly Review Press, 41(5), 35–47.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Burke, P. (1979). The new Cambridge modern history (Vol. XIII). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (companion volume).

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Burt, R. (1998). Proto-industrialization and stages of growth in mining industry. Journal of European Economic History, 27(1), 85–104.

    Google Scholar 

  • Caton, H. (1985). Pre-industrial economics of Adam Smith. Journal of Economic History, 45(4), 833–853.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chandler, A. (1962). Strategy and structure: Chapters in the history of industrial enterprise. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chandler, A. (1977). The visible hand; the managerial revolution in American business. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chapman, S. D. (1965). The transition to the factory system in midlands cotton spinning industry. Economic History Review, 18, 526–543.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chayanov. (1925/1968). The theory of peasant economy (D. Thorner, B. Kerbalay and R. E. F. Smith. Eds.). Homewood: American Economic Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cippola, C. M. (Ed.). (1974). Fontena economic history of Europe – 16th & 17th century. Glasgow: Collins Fontana Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coleman, D. C. (1973). Textile growth. In N. B. Harte & K. G. Panting (Eds.), Textile history and economic history. Manchester: Manchester University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dobb, M. H. (1963). Studies in the development of capitalism. London: Rentledge and Kegen Paul.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dutt, R. C. (1956). The economic history of India under early British rule (p. 103). London: Rentledge and Kegan Paul.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fei, J., & Gustav, R. (1989). Economic development in historical perspective. American Economic Review (Papers and proceedings), 44 , 356–400.

    Google Scholar 

  • Florence, P. S. (1948). Investment location and size of plant: A realistic inquiry in to the structure of British and American industries. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Freudenberger, H., & Redlick, F. (1964). Industrial development of Europe, reality, symbols and images. Kyklos, 17, 372–402.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Habhakuk, H. J. (1962). American and British technology in the nineteenth century. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hill, C. (Ed.). (1967). Reformation to industrial revolution (Vol. 2). Harmondsworth: Penguin Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hicks, J. R. (1969). A theory of economic history. Oxford: Clarendan Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hobsbawn, E. J. (1954). The general crises of European economy in the seventeenth century. Past and Present, 5, 33–53.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hobsbawn, E. J. (1968). Industry and empire—An economic history of Britain since 1750. London: Weiden Field and Nicolson.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoppit, J., & Wrigley, E. A. (1994). Introduction. In J. Hoppit & E. A. Wrigley (Eds.), The industrial revolution in Britain, the economic history society (pp. X–XXXI). Oxford: Black Well.

    Google Scholar 

  • Horn, J. (2007). The industrial revolution—Milestones in business history. London: Greenwood Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hudson, O. (1996). Proto-industrialization in England. In S. C. Ogilivie & M. Cerman (Eds.), European proto industrialization (pp. 49–66). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jenkins, D. T. (Ed.). (1994). The textile industries. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kindleberger, C. P. (1976). Historical background: Adam Smith and industrial revolution. In T. Wilson & A. Skinner (Eds.), Market and the state – Essays in honour of Adam Smith. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kriedite, P., Medick, H., & Schlumbhar, J. (1981). Industrialization before industrial revolution (trans: Schen, B.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Landes, D. S. (1969). Unbound prometheus. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Landes, D. S. (1986). Revolution in time: Clocks and making of modern world. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Landes, D. (1994). The wealth and poverty of nations. New York: Abacus.

    Google Scholar 

  • Landes, D. S. (1998). Wealth and poverty of nations. New York: Abacus.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lazonick, W. (1990). Competitive advantage of the shop floor. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lazonick, W. (1991). Business organization and myth of market economy. New York: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lemire, B. (1991). Fashion favorite: Cotton trade and consumer in Britain, 1650–1800. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lemire, B. (2004). Fashion and tradition: Wearing of wool in England during consumer revolution. In G. L. Fantana & G. Gayot (Eds.), Wool products and markets 13th to 20th centuries (pp. 577–594). Patna: Clerandon University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, W. A. (1954). Economic development with unlimited supply of labor. Journal of Manchester School of Economics and Social Studies, 22, 139–192.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mandeville, B. (c.1714, 1989). The fable of the bees. Penguin Classics, Penguin Books, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marshall, A. (1919). Industry and trade. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marshall, A. (1929). Principles of economic analysis. London: English Language Book Society.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marx, K. (1853, June 24). East India Company its history and results. New York Daily Tribune.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mathias, P. (1959). Brewing industry in England, 1700–1830. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mc Fetridge, D. (1995). Knowledge, market failure and multinational enterprise—A comment. Journal of International Business Studies, 26(2), 409–406.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Medick, H. (1994). Proto industrial family economy – The structural function of household and family during transition from rural society to industrial capitalism. In R. A. Church & E. A. Wrigley (Eds.), Industrial revolution (pp. 72–98). Oxford: Blackwell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mehta, M. (1991). Indian merchants and entrepreneurship in historical perspective. New Delhi: Academic Foundation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mendels, F. F. (1972). Proto-industrialization—First phase of industrialization process. Journal of Economic History, 32, 241–261.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Miller, J. R. (1969). A reformulation of a. V. Chayanov’s theory of peasant economy. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 28(2), 209–220.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nayyar, D. (Ed.). (1994). Industrial growth and stagnation, the debate in India. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nehru, J. (1947). The discovery of India. London: Meridian Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • North, D. C. (2006). Understanding the process of economic change. New Delhi: Academic Foundation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parthasarathi, P. (2001). The transition to colonial economy weavers, merchants and kings in South India 1720–1800. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Pillai, A. S. (1930). Monograph on Nottuketti Chettiers banking system. Madrass Province Banking Enquiry Commission Report, Vol. III.

    Google Scholar 

  • Piramal, G., & Herdeck, M. (1986). India’s industrialist. Bombay: India Book House Distributors.

    Google Scholar 

  • Prescott, W. H. (1847). History of the conquest of Mexico and Peru. New York: Random House.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ramaswamy, S. (2011). The goddess of the nation—Mapping mother India. New Delhi: Zuban.

    Google Scholar 

  • Raychaudhri, T. (1982). Non-agricultural production in Mughal India. In T. Raychaudhri & I. Habib (Eds.), Cambridge economic history of India, Vol. 1 (c.1200–c.1750) (pp. 261–307). New Delhi: Orient Longman.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ricardo, D. (1863/1882). Principles and political economy and taxation . Homewood: Irwin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Richards, J. F., & Rao, V. N. (1998). Banditry in Mughal India: Historical and folk perception. In M. Alam & S. Subhrahmanyam (Eds.), The Mughal state: 1526–1757 (pp. 491–519). New Delhi: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rider, C. (Ed.). (2007). Encylopaedia of the age of the industrial revolution, 1700–1920 (Vols. I and II). London: Greenwood Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosenberg, N. (1976). Perspective on technology. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Rosenberg, N. (2000). Charles Babbage in complex world. In D. Colander (Ed.), Complexity in history of economic thought (pp. 37–57). London/New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rostow, W. W. (1957). Stages of economic growth—A non communist manifesto. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schumpeter, J. A. (1954). History of economic analysis. London: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sen, S. (1998). Empire of free trade: East India Company and the making of colonial market place. Philadelphia: University of Philadelphia Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Seth, V. K. (1999). Capacity utilization in industry theory and evidence. New Delhi: Deep and Deep Publication.

    Google Scholar 

  • Seth, V. K. (2000). Technology and labour in retrospect and prospect. Managment and Change, 4(1), 61–90.

    Google Scholar 

  • Singer, C., et al. (Eds.). (1958). History of technologies (Vol. 2–4). Oxford: Clarendon Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sinha, N. K. (1968). The economic history of Bengal. Calcutta: Firma K. Mukhopadhyaya.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, A. (1776, 2003). Introduction. In A. B. Krueger (Ed.), The wealth of nations (Bantam classic). New York: Bantam Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, B. M. D. (1967). The Galtons of Birmingham Quacker gun merchants and bankers. Business History, 9(2), 135–148.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tchitchirov, A. L. (1965). India-changing economic structure in sixteenth to eighteenth centuries outline history of craft and trade. New Delhi: Manohar.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thirsk, J. (1994). Industries in countryside. In J. A. Chractre (Ed.), Pre-industrial Britain. Oxford: Blackwell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thorner, D. (1980). Shaping of modern India. Bombay: Sameeksha Trust.

    Google Scholar 

  • Traverse, R. (2007). Ideology and empire in eighteen century India—The British in Bengal. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Wallace, D. R. (1928). Romance of jute—A short history of the Calcutta jute mill industry 1855–1927. London: W. Thacker.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weber, M. (1927). General economic history (trans: Knight, F.). New York: Greenberg.

    Google Scholar 

  • West, E. J. (1976). Adam Smith: The man and his work. Indianapolis: Liberty Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Willam, K., et al. (1987). The end of mass production. Economy and Society, 16, 405–439.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, C. (1994). Entrepreneurship in industrial revolution. In J. Huppit & E. A. Wriglay (Eds.), The industrial revolution in Britain (pp. 305–321). Oxford: Blackwell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wright, R. (2000). Stolen continents—A conquest and resistance in the America. London: Phoenix Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wrigley, E. A. (1988). Continuity chance and change, the character of industrial revolution in England. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Zeitlin, J. (1995). Flexibility and mass production at war-aircraft manufacturing in Britain, United States and Germany, 1939–1945. Technology and Culture, 36(1), 46–79.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Management Studies, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India

    Vijay K. Seth

  2. International Management Institute, New Delhi, India

    Vijay K. Seth

Authors
  1. Vijay K. Seth
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 The Author(s)

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Seth, V.K. (2018). The Process of Transformation of Traditional Flexible Manufacturing into Industrial Revolution in Britain. In: The Story of Indian Manufacturing. Palgrave Macmillan, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-5574-4_3

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation