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Flood Experiences: “The Vulnerable” and “The Adapter”

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Phenomenology in Adaptation Planning

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Abstract

This chapter presents the context where interplay between the floods and the poor takes place. It is an analytical description of the nexus of the urban poor and the floods that are perceived as a major problem in urban development both globally and locally. Limited assets, the lack of access to resources and powers, and the low economic profile make the poor vulnerable. However, many of the poor continue to live in the floodplain. Their perceptions of the stresses and shock caused by flooding could explain their adaptation. Here, I apply lifeworld analysis to investigate the construction of the Kampung Muara Baru (KMB) people’s perceptions of floods. It continues by discussing flood-related vulnerability based on the perception of the KMB people. I then use this construction to discuss the concept of flood-related vulnerability and to identify “the vulnerable” and “the adapters.”

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Kelurahan is the smallest unit of the Jakarta Province Government based on the Governor Regulation of DKI Jakarta Number 147/2009 regarding the governmental organization of DKI Jakarta Province. Kelurahan’s task is to implement the government’s duties delegated by the Governor and to coordinate government duties in the area. Its functions include the maintenance and development of public facilities and health facilities in the kelurahan, monitor rental housing and green open spaces, and empower RWs (association of RTs) and RTs (neighborhood association).

  2. 2.

    Rukun Warga (RW) is a neighborhood association that consists of several Rukun Tetanggas (RTs). The RT is the smallest neighborhood unit in the administration settlement in Indonesia. The head of RW or the head of RTs is a documented resident who is selected by residents through an election mechanism every 3 years.

  3. 3.

    RW administratively represents an “urban locality group” (Dwianto 2003, 4). Although the kampung is not considered an official administrative unit, the identification of kampung can be approached by the presence of RWs. According to the Governor Regulation of DKI Jakarta Province Number 36/2001, the RT/RW has rights and duties, such as promoting integration between the people and the government, accepting and implementing all of the government’s efforts and plans for the development of society, preserving and promoting the Indonesian people’s spirit of musyawarah mufakat (mutual consultation) and gotong royong (mutual assistance), collecting dues, and making full use of any means available for the improvement of the living conditions of the people, etc.

  4. 4.

    Kelurahan Penjaringan is located below sea level (−1 m) and is crossed by three rivers that flow into the Java Sea: Kali Ciliwung, Kali Angke, and Kali Krukut. The area is about 395 ha and is divided into 17 RWs and 255 RTs. In 2010, the population was about 79,399 with a birth rate of 45 people per month and a migration rate of 27 people per month (BPS Provinsi DKI Jakarta 2012). The coastal condition of Kelurahan Penjaringan causes some RWs, such as RW 01, 02, 03, and 17, to be inundated during rainfall and/or the high-tide season (JICA 2011).

  5. 5.

    In 2010, the ACF conducted a study of disaster risk assessment in three kelurahans: Penjaringan, Kampung Melayu, and Cipinang Besar Utara. With regard to Penjaringan, it stated that three types of disaster risk pertained to Kelurahan Penjaringan: floods, which potentially impacted 16,488 inhabitants or about 30% of 55,780 total population in 5 RWs from 17 RWs; fire, which potentially impacted 50,722 inhabitants or about 91% of total population in 15 RWs; and dengue, which potentially impacted 33,508 inhabitants of about 60% of total population in 10 RWs (ACF 2010).

  6. 6.

    KMB is administratively registered as a Rukun Warga (RW 17), which is a part of Kelurahan Penjaringan. KMB is located in the north coastal area of Jakarta and is surrounded by the Java Sea on the north side, the Kali Opak River along the Sunda Kelapa harbor on the east side, the toll road Cengkareng-Pluit and Bandengan Utara on the south side, and the Pluit Reservoir and Jembatan Street on the west side (see Fig. 5.6). Muara Baru means new mouth of river or new delta, which describes its geographical location as a delta region and its built-up environment as a new settlement. The total area of KMB is only about 1.12 km2.

  7. 7.

    The UN Habitat—United Nations Human Settlements Programme—defines “slum” as an area that combines inadequate access to safe water, inadequate access to sanitation and other infrastructures, poor structural quality of housing, overcrowding, and insecure residential status (UN-Habitat 2003:12).

  8. 8.

    According to the regulation of Head of National Land Office Number 02/2003, tanah garapan or cultivated land means a piece of land that has already been or has not been attached yet by the certain right which was used or benefited by the others with or without approval by the respected ones with or without a certain length of time. It means the land is not owned, but only managed by individuals and groups through certain occupation rights. If the cultivated land belongs to the state and has been used for decades, as proven by the letter of Lurah (head of subdistricts), the land has utilization rights or even proprietary through the land registration in the city office. However, if it belongs to an individual who already has a title, it cannot be registered. Tanah garapan can be originated from the customary land that is not converted to the certain titles of land or from the state land, including the state land that was managed by the state offices and state agencies, or from the wasteland or displaced/dormant land. Despite the land’s title, since it was not occupied or used, the local people or migrants occupied those types of land.

  9. 9.

    Girik is not evidence of land ownership, but of land controlling and tax payment on a parcel of land and building on it (if any). Girik can be registered to be a land title with certain conditions. Girik can be used for land transactions as long as both parties agree on the condition.

  10. 10.

    Informal migrants are illegal residents. The difference between the legal residents of KMB and illegal residents is based on living time and house location. Residents have been in the KMB for more than 10 years. The illegal residents stay more than 5 years and live in the Pluit lakeside (Interview with Gustara, the head of KMB, 12 October 2013).

  11. 11.

    IDR 23,000 = 1.5 euro (1 euro = IDR 15,000).

  12. 12.

    It was known as Nizam Zahman Harbor, located in the north of Kampung Muara Baru. It was built in 1984 and then changed to PPS (bahasa acronym for the main fishery harbor in Jakarta). It has become one of the five main fishery harbors in Indonesia.

  13. 13.

    IDR 950,000 = 63.3 Euro (1 euro = IDR 15,000).

  14. 14.

    IDR 500,000 = 33.3 Euro.

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  1. University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia

    Hendricus Andy Simarmata

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Simarmata, H.A. (2018). Flood Experiences: “The Vulnerable” and “The Adapter”. In: Phenomenology in Adaptation Planning. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-5496-9_4

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-5496-9_4

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