Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Molecular and Genetic Response of Human Skin Under Ultraviolet Radiation

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Book cover Photocarcinogenesis & Photoprotection

Abstract

Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is recognized as an essential risk factor due to its dual role of affecting the human skin. Primarily, it is required for natural vitamin D synthesis in the skin which is indispensable for human health in many constructive ways. On the other hand, UV radiation acts as a non-specific damaging agent and a mutagen as well. UV radiation has potential to cause both cancer initiation and progression. Excessive and repeated exposure to UV is associated with health risks, including pigment changes, wrinkle formation, atrophy, and malignancy. Epidemiologically and molecularly UV is linked to DNA damage, either directly or indirectly via oxidative injury resulting in various types of skin cancer. Genetic factors also stimulate threat of UV-mediated skin anomalies. This chapter emphasizes on genetic and molecular mechanisms of pigmentation, tanning, DNA damage and repair, Melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) gene expression, photoproduct formation, and p53 mutation.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Ito S, Wakamatsu K, Ozeki H (2000) Chemical analysis of melanins and its application to the study of the regulation of melanogenesis. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 13(s8):103–109

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Jablonski NG, Chaplin G (2010) Human skin pigmentation as an adaptation to UV radiation. Proc Natl Acad Sci 107(Supplement 2):8962–8968

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. D’Orazio J, Jarrett S, Amaro-Ortiz A, Scott T (2013) UV radiation and the skin. Int J Mol Sci 14(6):12222–12248

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Narayanan DL, Saladi RN, Fox JL (2010) Ultraviolet radiation and skin cancer. Int J Dermatol 49(9):978–986

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Tatalovich Z, Wilson JP, Mack T, Yan Y, Cockburn M (2006) The objective assessment of lifetime cumulative ultraviolet exposure for determining melanoma risk. J Photochem Photobiol B Biol 85(3):198–204

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Kohen E, Santus R, Hirschberg JG (1995) Photobiology. Elsevier, p 16

    Google Scholar 

  7. Norval M (2006) The mechanisms and consequences of ultraviolet-induced immunosuppression. Prog Biophys Mol Biol 92(1):108–118

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Yamaguchi Y, Takahashi K, Zmudzka BZ, Kornhauser A, Miller SA, Tadokoro T, Berens W, Beer JZ, Hearing VJ (2006) Human skin responses to UV radiation: pigment in the upper epidermis protects against DNA damage in the lower epidermis and facilitates apoptosis. FASEB J 20(9):1486–1488

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Skobowiat C, Dowdy JC, Sayre RM, Tuckey RC, Slominski A (2011) Cutaneous hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis homolog: regulation by ultraviolet radiation. Am J Physiol-Endocrinol Metab 301(3):E484–E493

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Skobowiat C, Sayre RM, Dowdy JC, Slominski AT (2013) Ultraviolet radiation regulates cortisol activity in a waveband-dependent manner in human skin ex vivo. Br J Dermatol 168(3):595–601

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Norman AW (2008) From vitamin D to hormone D: fundamentals of the vitamin D endocrine system essential for good health. Am J Clin Nutr 88(2):491S–499S

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Chaplin G, Jablonski NG (2009) Vitamin D and the evolution of human depigmentation. Am J Phys Anthropol 139(4):451–461

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Khazai N, Judd SE, Tangpricha V (2008) Calcium and vitamin D: skeletal and extraskeletal health. Curr Rheumatol Rep 10(2):110–117

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Kawada A (2000) Risk and preventive factors for skin phototype. J Dermatol Sci 23:S27–S29

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Miller SA, Coelho SG, Zmudzka BZ, Bushar HF, Yamaguchi Y, Hearing VJ, Beer JZ (2008) Dynamics of pigmentation induction by repeated ultraviolet exposures: dose, dose interval and ultraviolet spectrum dependence. Br J Dermatol 159(4):921–930

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Schlenz K, Smuda C, Batzer J, Stä F, Wenck H, Elsaesser HP, Wolber R (2005) Pigmentation mechanisms induced by different wavelength of Uv light. Pigment Cell Res 18:33

    Google Scholar 

  17. Choi W, Miyamura Y, Wolber R, Smuda C, Reinhold W, Liu H, Kolbe L, Hearing VJ (2010) Regulation of human skin pigmentation in situ by repetitive UV exposure: molecular characterization of responses to UVA and/or UVB. J Investig Dermatol 130(6):1685–1696

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Schulz I, Mahler HC, Boiteux S, Epe B (2000) Oxidative DNA base damage induced by singlet oxygen and photosensitization: recognition by repair endonucleases and mutagenicity. Mutat Res/DNA Repair 461(2):145–156

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Kunisada M, Sakumi K, Tominaga Y, Budiyanto A, Ueda M, Ichihashi M, Nakabeppu Y, Nishigori C (2005) 8-Oxoguanine formation induced by chronic UVB exposure makes Ogg1 knockout mice susceptible to skin carcinogenesis. Cancer Res 65(14):6006–6010

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Meredith P, Sarna T (2006) The physical and chemical properties of eumelanin. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 19(6):572–594

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Song X, Mosby N, Yang J, Xu A, Abdel-Malek Z, Kadekaro AL (2009) α-MSH activates immediate defense responses to UV-induced oxidative stress in human melanocytes. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 22(6):809–818

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Kadekaro AL, Chen J, Yang J, Chen S, Jameson J, Swope VB, Cheng T, Kadakia M, Abdel-Malek Z (2012) Alpha-melanocyte–stimulating hormone suppresses oxidative stress through a p53-mediated signaling pathway in human melanocytes. Mol Cancer Res 10(6):778–786

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Bickers DR, Athar M (2006) Oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of skin disease. J Investig Dermatol 126(12):2565–2575

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Agar NS, Halliday GM, Barnetson RS, Ananthaswamy HN, Wheeler M, Jones AM (2004) The basal layer in human squamous tumors harbors more UVA than UVB fingerprint mutations: a role for UVA in human skin carcinogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 101(14):4954–4959

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Nouspikel TD (2009) DNA repair in mammalian cells. Cell Mol Life Sci 66(6):994–1009

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Kane AB, Kumar V (1999) Environmental and nutritional pathology. Robbins pathologic basis of disease, pp 403–457

    Google Scholar 

  27. Daya-Grosjean L (2008) Xeroderma pigmentosum and skin cancer. In Molecular mechanisms of xeroderma pigmentosum, Springer, New York, pp 19–27

    Google Scholar 

  28. Leibeling D, Laspe P, Emmert S (2006) Nucleotide excision repair and cancer. J Mol Histol 37(5–7):225–238

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. DiGiovanna JJ, Kraemer KH (2012) Shining a light on xeroderma pigmentosum. J Investig Dermatol 132(3):785–796

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Ratner D, Peacocke M, Zhang H, Tsou HC (2001) UV-specific p53 and PTCH mutations in sporadic basal cell carcinoma of sun-exposed skin. J Am Acad Dermatol 44(2):293–297

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Benjamin CL, Ananthaswamy HN (2007) p53 and the pathogenesis of skin cancer. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 224(3):241–248

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Hussein MR, Haemel AK, Wood GS (2003) p53-related pathways and the molecular pathogenesis of melanoma. Eur J Cancer Prev 12(2):93–100

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Hussain SP, Harris CC (2006) p53 biological network: at the crossroads of the cellular-stress response pathway and molecular carcinogenesis. J Nippon Med Sch 73(2):54–64

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Molecular and Human Genetics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India

    Neera Yadav & Monisha Banerjee

Authors
  1. Neera Yadav
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Monisha Banerjee
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Monisha Banerjee .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India

    Ratan Singh Ray

  2. Department of Zoology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India

    Chandana Haldar

  3. Department of Zoology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India

    Ashish Dwivedi

  4. Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA

    Neeraj Agarwal

  5. Photobiology Division, Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India

    Jyoti Singh

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Yadav, N., Banerjee, M. (2018). Molecular and Genetic Response of Human Skin Under Ultraviolet Radiation. In: Ray, R., Haldar, C., Dwivedi, A., Agarwal, N., Singh, J. (eds) Photocarcinogenesis & Photoprotection. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-5493-8_3

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation