Skip to main content

Imaging of Retinal and Choroidal Metastases

  • Chapter
  • First Online:

Abstract

The eye like any other organ in the body can harbor tumors of different types. Given the diverse anatomy of the eye, each distinct structure within the eye can be the site for primary tumors; that is, those tumors arising from the native tissue or metastatic tumors: those that arise from a distant site in the body. With reference to the eye and adnexa, metastatic tumors have been documented in the orbit, the extraocular muscles, conjunctiva, subconjunctival tissue, iris, and the retina with the most common site being the choroid [1]. This chapter presents in detail the clinical presentation, diagnosis, imaging findings, and treatment of retinal and choroidal metastases.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

References

  1. Avram AM, Gielczyk R, Su L, Vine AK, Sisson JC. Choroidal and skin metastases from papillary thyroid cancer: case and a review of the literature. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004;89(11):5303–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Shields CL, Shields JA, Gross NE, Schwartz GP, Lally SE. Survey of 520 eyes with uveal metastases. Ophthalmology. 1997;104(8):1265–76.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Shields CL. Plaque radiotherapy for the management of uveal metastasis. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 1998;9(3):31–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Albert DM, Rubenstein RA, Scheie HG. Tumor metastasis to the eye. I. Incidence in 213 adult patients with generalized malignancy. Am J Ophthalmol. 1967;63(4):723–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Bloch RS, Gartner S. The incidence of ocular metastatic carcinoma. Arch Ophthalmol. 1971;85(6):673–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Eliassi-Rad B, Albert DM, Green WR. Frequency of ocular metastases in patients dying of cancer in eye bank populations. Br J Ophthalmol. 1996;80(2):125–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  7. Kreusel K-M, Wiegel T, Stange M, Bornfeld N, Hinkelbein W, Foerster MH. Choroidal metastasis in disseminated lung cancer: frequency and risk factors. Am J Ophthalmol. 2002;134(3):445–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Shields JA, Shields CL, Scartozzi R. Survey of 1264 patients with orbital tumors and simulating lesions: the 2002 Montgomery lecture, part 1. Ophthalmology. 2004;111(5):997–1008.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Ferry AP, Font RL. Carcinoma metastatic to the eye and orbit. I. A clinicopathologic study of 227 cases. Arch Ophthalmol. 1974;92(4):276–86.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Freedman MI, Folk JC. Metastatic tumors to the eye and orbit. Patient survival and clinical characteristics. Arch Ophthalmol. 1987;105(9):1215–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Stephens RF, Shields JA. Diagnosis and management of cancer metastatic to the uvea: a study of 70 cases. Ophthalmology. 1979;86(7):1336–49.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Shah SU, Mashayekhi A, Shields CL, et al. Uveal metastasis from lung cancer: clinical features, treatment, and outcome in 194 patients. Ophthalmology. 2014;121(1):352–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Mack HG, Jakobiec FA. Isolated metastases to the retina or optic nerve. Int Ophthalmol Clin. 1997;37(4):251–60.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Klein R, Nicholson DH, Luxenberg MN. Retinal metastasis from squamous cell carcinoma of the lung. Am J Ophthalmol. 1977;83(3):358–61.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Letson AD, Davidorf FH. Bilateral retinal metastases from cutaneous malignant melanoma. Arch Ophthalmol. 1982;100(4):605–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Schmidt D, Ness T, Geissler M. Cotton-wool spots associated with pancreatic carcinoma. Eur J Med Res. 2001;6(3):101–4.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Demirci H, Shields CL, Chao A-N, Shields JA. Uveal metastasis from breast cancer in 264 patients. Am J Ophthalmol. 2003;136(2):264–71.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Shields CL, McMahon JF, Atalay HT, Hasanreisoglu M, Shields JA. Retinal metastasis from systemic cancer in 8 cases. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2014;132(11):1303–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Lizzi FL, Coleman DJ. History of ophthalmic ultrasound. J Ultrasound Med. 2004;23(10):1255–66.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Sobottka B, Schlote T, Krumpaszky HG, Kreissig I. Choroidal metastases and choroidal melanomas: comparison of ultrasonographic findings. Br J Ophthalmol. 1998;82:159–61.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  21. Witkin AJ, Fischer DH, Shields CL, Reichstein D, Shields JA. Enhanced depth imaging spectral-domain optical coherence tomography of a subtle choroidal metastasis. Eye. 2012;26(12):1598–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  22. Shields CL, Pellegrini M, Ferenczy S. Enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography of intraocular tumors: from placid to seasick to rock and rolling topography – the 2013 Francesco Orzalesi Lecture. Retina. 2014;34:1495–512.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Arevalo JF, Fernandez CF, Reinaldo GA. Optical coherence tomography characteristics of choroidal metastasis. Ophthalmology. 2005;112(9):1612–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Arepalli S, Kaliki S, Shields CL. Choroidal metastases: origin, features, and therapy. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2015;63(2):122–7.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  25. Demirci H, Cullen A, Sundstrom JM. Enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography of choroidal metastasis. Retina. 2014;34(7):1354–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Shields CL, Manalac J, Chandana D, Saktanaste D. Review of spectral domain enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography of tumors of the choroid. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2015;63(2):117–22.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  27. Al-Dahmash SA, Shields CL, Kaliki S, Johnson T, Shields JA. Enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography of choroidal metastasis in 14 eyes. Retina. 2014;34:1588–93.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Li L, Wang WJ, Chen RJ, Qian J, Luo CQ. Fundus fluorescein angiography in metastatic choroidal carcinomas and differentiating metastatic choroidal carcinomas from primary choroidal melanomas. Zhonghua Yan Ke Za Zhi. 2011;47(1):27–34.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Ditmar S, Holtz FG. Choroidal metastases. In: Fluorescence angiography in ophthalmology. Berlin: Springer; 2008. p. 214–5.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Jia Y, Bailey ST, Wilson DJ, Tan O. Quantitative optical coherence tomography angiography of choroidal neovascularization in age-related macular degeneration. Ophthalmology. 2014;121(7):1435–44.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  31. Ishibazawa A, Nagaoka T, Takahashi A, Omae T. Optical coherence tomography angiography in diabetic retinopathy: a prospective pilot study. Am J Ophthalmol. 2015;160(1):35–44.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Singh P, Singh A. Choroidal melanoma. Oman J Ophthalmol. 2012;5(1):3–9.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  33. Natesh S, Chin K, Finger PT. Choroidal metastases fundus autofluorescence imaging: correlation to clinical, OCT, and fluorescein angiographic findings. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging. 2010;41(4):406–12.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Collet LC, Pulido JS, Gunduz K, Diago T. Fundus autofluorescence in choroidal metastatic lesions: a pilot study. Retina. 2008;28(9):1251–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Almeida A, Kaliki S, Shields CL. Autofluorescence of intraocular tumors. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 2013;24(3):222–32.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Swathi Kaliki .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Nair, A.G., Fell, D., Raouf, S., Kaliki, S. (2018). Imaging of Retinal and Choroidal Metastases. In: Chhablani, J., Majumder, P., Arevalo, J. (eds) Retinal and Choroidal Imaging in Systemic Diseases. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-5461-7_10

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-5461-7_10

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore

  • Print ISBN: 978-981-10-5459-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-981-10-5461-7

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics