Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

High-Density Planning and Challenges

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Urban Wind Environment

Part of the book series: SpringerBriefs in Architectural Design and Technology ((BRIEFSARCHIDE))

  • 995 Accesses

Abstract

This introductory chapter intends to answer two key questions that set up the foundation of this book: (1) why high-density urban planning is a good and essential way for sustainable urban development, and (2) why it is necessary to address wind environmental issues, in terms of healthy cities and human well-being, in high-density urban planning. A broad review of literature on the concepts and mechanism of urbanization and suburbanization, as well as their impact on energy and land consumption, and on urban climate is introduced. The review shows that high-density urban development requires less energy and land use than others to achieve the same human development under current trend and climate change atmosphere, thereby is considered as an attractive alternative for the future urban development. It also indicates that the resultant urban wind environment under the current high-density planning contributes to negative environmental issues such as poor natural ventilation and air quality, which significantly affect the well-being of urban dwellers. Findings from the review clarify the gap between existing modeling method at various spatial scales and practical planning and design. This chapter ends with the key objectives, as well as the overall organization of the book.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 44.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 59.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Arnfield AJ (2003) Two decades of urban climate research: a review of turbulence, exchanges of energy and water, and the urban heat island. Int J Climatol 23(1):1–26

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ashie Y, Hirano K, Kono T (2009) Effects of sea breeze on thermal environment as a measure against Tokyo’s urban heat island. Paper presented at the seventh international conference on urban climate, Yokohama, Japan

    Google Scholar 

  • Befort WA, Luloff AE, Morrone M (1988) Rural land-use and demographic-change in a rapidly urbanizing environment. Landscape Urban Plann 16(4):345–356

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Berg LK, Zhong S (2005) Sensitivity of MM5-simulated boundary layer characteristics to turbulence parameterizations. J Appl Meteorol 44:1467

    Google Scholar 

  • Bhatta B, Saraswati S, Bandyopadhyay D (2010) Urban sprawl measurement from remote sensing data. Appl Geogr 30(4):731–740

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Blocken B, Carmeliet J, Stathopoulos T (2007) CFD evaluation of wind speed conditions in passages between parallel buildings—effect of wall-function roughness modifications for the atmospheric boundary layer flow. J Wind Eng Ind Aerodyn 95(2007):941–962

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Britter RE, Hanna SR (2003) Flow and dispersion in urban areas. Annu Rev Fluid Mech 35:469–496

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Chan EYY, Goggins WB, Kim JJ, Griffiths SM (2010) A study of intracity variation of temperature-related mortality and socioeconomic status among the Chinese population in Hong Kong. J Epidemiol Community Health 66(4):322–327

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen F, Kusaka H, Bornstein R, Ching J, Grimmond CSB, Grossman-Clarke S, Loridan T, Manning KW, Martilli A, Miao SG, Sailor D, Salamanca FP, Taha H, Tewari M, Wang XM, Wyszogrodzki AA, Zhang CL (2011) The integrated WRF/urban modelling system: development, evaluation, and applications to urban environmental problems. Int J Climatol 31(2):273–288

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cheng V, Ng E, Chan C, Givoni B (2011) Outdoor thermal comfort study in a subtropical climate: a longitudinal study based in Hong Kong. Int J Biometeorol 56(1):43–56

    Google Scholar 

  • Davis K (1965) The urbanization of the human population. Sci Am 213(3):40–53

    Google Scholar 

  • Dudhia J (1993) A nonhydrostatic version of the Penn State-NCAR mesoscale model: validation tests and simulation of an Atlantic cyclone and cold front. Mon Weather Rev 121:1493–1513

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • European Environment Agency (EEA) (2006) Urban sprawl in European: the ignored challenge. European Environment Agency, Copenhagen

    Google Scholar 

  • European Environment Agency (EEA) (2010a) The European environment—state and outlook 2010: urban environment. European Environment Agency, Copenhagen

    Google Scholar 

  • European Environment Agency (EEA) (2010b) European Union emission inventory report 1998–2008 under the UNECE convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution (LRTAP). European Environment Agency, Copenhagen

    Google Scholar 

  • European Environment Agency (EEA) (2012) Air quality in Europe—2012 report. Denmark, Copenhagen

    Google Scholar 

  • Garreau J (1992) Edge city: life on the new frontier. Anchor Books, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Glenn RM, Simon N (1998) Tropical climatology, 2nd edn. Wiley, England

    Google Scholar 

  • Goggins WB, Chan E, Ng E, Ren C, Chen L (2012) Effect modification of the association between short-term meteorological factors and mortality by urban heat islands in Hong Kong. PLoS ONE 7(6):e38551

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grell GA, Dudhia J, Staufeers DR (1994) A descrption of the fifth generation Penn State/NCAR moesoscale model (MM5). National Center for Atmospheric Research

    Google Scholar 

  • Grice S, Stedman J, Kent A, Hobson M, Norris J, Abbott J, Cooke S (2009) Recent trends and projections of primary NO2 emissions in Europe. Atmos Environ 43(13):2154–2167

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hang J, Li YG, Sandberg M, Buccolieri R, Di Sabatino S (2012) The influence of building height variability on pollutant dispersion and pedestrian ventilation in idealized high-rise urban areas. Build Environ 56:346–360

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hong Kong Building Department (HKBD) (2006) Sustainable building design guidelines. Practical note for authorized persons, registered structure engineers and registered geotechnical engineers. APP-152, Hong Kong

    Google Scholar 

  • Hong Kong Environmental Protection Department (HK EPD) (2011) Air quality in Hong Kong 2011—a report on the results from the air quality monitoring network (AQMN). The Goveronment of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Hong Kong

    Google Scholar 

  • Hong Kong Planning Department (HKPD) (2005) Feasibility study for establishment of air ventilation assessment system, final report, the government of the Hong Kong special administrative region. Hong Kong planning Department, Hong Kong

    Google Scholar 

  • Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (2014) Climate change 2014: synthesis report. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Geneva

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Kondo H, Asahi K, Tomizuka T, Suzuki M (2006) Numerical analysis of diffusion around a suspended expressway by a multi-scale CFD model. Atmos Environ 40(16):2852–2859

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • LeGates RT, Stout F (2003) The city reader. Urban reader series, 3 edn. Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group, London/New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Letzel MO, Krane M, Raasch S (2008) High resolution urban large-eddy simulation studies from street canyon to neighbourhood scale. Atmos Environ 42(38):8770–8784

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Li XX, Koh TY, Entekhabi D, Roth M, Panda J, Norford L (2013) A multi-resolution ensemble study of a tropical urban environment and its interactions with the background regional atmosphere. J Geophys Res 118(17):9804–9818

    Google Scholar 

  • Mochida A, Murakami S, Ojima T, Kim S, Ooka R, Sugiyama H (1997) CFD analysis of mesoscale climate in the Greater Tokyo area. J Wind Eng Ind Aerodyn 67–68:459–477

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Murakami S (2004) Indoor/outdoor climate design by CFD based on the software platform. Int J Heat Fluid Flow 25:849–863

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Murakami A, Zain AM, Takeuchi K, Tsunekawa A, Yokota S (2005) Trends in urbanization and patterns of land use in the Asian mega cities Jakarta, Bangkok, and Metro Manila. Landscape Urban Plann 70:251–259

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Newman P, Kenworthy J (1999) Sustainability and cities, overcoming automobile dependence. Island press, Washington D.C.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ng E (2009) Policies and technical guidelines for urban planning of high-density cities—air ventilation assessment (AVA) of Hong Kong. Build Environ 44(7):1478–1488

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ng E (2012) Towards a planning and practical understanding for the need of meteorological and climatic information for the design of high density cities—a case based study of Hong Kong. Int J Climatol 32:582–598

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ng E, Yuan C, Chen L, Ren C, Fung JCH (2011) Improving the wind environment in high-density cities by understanding urban morphology and surface roughness: a study in Hong Kong. Landscape Urban Plann 101(1):59–74

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Oke TR (1987) Boundary layer climates, 2nd edn. Methuen, Inc., USA

    Google Scholar 

  • Peterson J (1984) Global population projections through the 21st century: a scenario for this issue. Ambio 13:134–141

    Google Scholar 

  • Scire JS, Robe FR, Fernau ME, Yamartino RJ (2000) A user’s guide for the CALMET meteorological model (Version 5). Earth Tech, Inc., Concord

    Google Scholar 

  • Skamarock WC, Klemp JB, Dudhia J, Gill DO, Barker DM, Wang W, Powers JG (2005) A description of the advanced research WRF version 2. NCAR Technical note. National Center for Atmospheric Research

    Google Scholar 

  • Solomon S, Qin D, Manning M, Chen Z, Marquis M, Averyt KB, Tignor M, Miller HL (2007) Contribution of working group I to the fourth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change. Climate Change 2007: the physical science basis. Cambridge University Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Statistic of Shanghai (2010) Shanghai statistical yearbook. Shanghai Statistics, Shanghai

    Google Scholar 

  • Tominaga Y, Stathopoulos T (2011) CFD modeling of pollution dispersion in building array: evaluation of turbulent scalar flux modeling in RANS model using LES results. J Wind Eng Ind Aerodyn 104:484–491

    Google Scholar 

  • Yim SHL, Fung JCH, Lau AKH, Kot SC (2007) Developing a high-resolution wind map for a complex terrain with a coupled MM5/CALMET system. J Geophys Res 112:D05106

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yuan C, Ng E (2012) Building porosity for better urban ventilation in high-density cities—a computational parametric study. Build Environ 50:176–189

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yuan C, Ng E, Norford LK (2014) Improving air quality in high-density cities by understanding the relationship between air pollutant dispersion and urban morphologies. Build Environ 71:245–258

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhao SQ, Da LJ, Tang HF, Kun S, Fang JY (2006) Ecological consequences of rapid urban expansion: Shanghai, China. Front Ecol Environ 4(7):341–346

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore

    Chao Yuan

Authors
  1. Chao Yuan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Chao Yuan .

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 The Author(s)

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Yuan, C. (2018). High-Density Planning and Challenges. In: Urban Wind Environment. SpringerBriefs in Architectural Design and Technology. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-5451-8_1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-5451-8_1

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore

  • Print ISBN: 978-981-10-5450-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-981-10-5451-8

  • eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation