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Inequity in Indian Health Care pp 149–174Cite as

Demand Elasticities for Health Care

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Part of the book series: India Studies in Business and Economics ((ISBE))

Abstract

In this chapter, we look into demand elasticities for public and private health care in India. We analyse using data from National Family Health Survey (NFHS). We cover all India and 13 Indian states (including eight north-eastern states and five major Indian states across rich-, poor- and middle-income categories) using the household survey data from NFHs. We estimate healthcare demand elasticities across these states and with respect to availability, quality and socio-economic status both in rural as well as urban areas of the states covered in the analysis. We also look into inequities that are estimated using these healthcare demand elasticities.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    See, Annexure 1 to this chapter.

  2. 2.

    National Family Health Survey (NFHS-3): International Institute for Population Sciences (IIPS) and Macro International. 2008. (NFHS-3), India, 2005-06: State Level Reports. Mumbai: IIPS.

References

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Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Madras School of Economics, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India

    Brijesh C. Purohit

Authors
  1. Brijesh C. Purohit
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Brijesh C. Purohit .

Appendices

Annexure 1

To develop empirically testable hypotheses, a model of the demand for health defined in terms of different indicators of mortality and diseases is specified. The model concentrates on the role of money prices, time prices, earned and non-earned income and health insurance (see for instance, Acton 1973). A number of socio-economic variables including religion, caste, education, assets are also used in empirical estimation. For simplicity, the formal model is developed in terms of only one provider of health, but the implications for several providers can easily be drawn.

Let the inter temporal utility function of a typical consumer be

$$ {\text{U}} = {\text{U}}(\Delta {\text{tHt}},{\text{Zt}}),\,{\text{t}} = 0,1, \ldots ,{\text{n}}, $$

where Ht is the stock of health at age t or in time period t, Δt is the service flow per unit stock,

ht = ΔtHt is total consumption of “health services”, and Zt is consumption of another commodity.

The stock of health in the initial period (H0) is given, but the stock of health at any other age is endogenous. The length of life as of the planning date (n) also is endogenous. In particular, death takes place when Ht ΔHmin. Therefore, length of life is determined by the quantities of health capital that maximize utility subject to production and resource constraints.

If we write ht = ΔtHt = m denoting medical services or any other commodity or characteristic leading to health and assume that two goods enter the individual’s utility function: medical services m, and a composite X, for all other goods and services; and also presume a fixed proportions of money and time to consume m and X, combined these with the full wealth assumption, the model can be represented as follows:

Maximize

$$ {\text{U}} = {\text{U}}\left( {{\text{m}},{\text{X}}} \right) $$

Subject to

$$ \left( {{\text{p}} + {\text{wt}}} \right){\text{m}} + \left( {{\text{q}} + {\text{ws}}} \right){\text{X}} \le {\text{y}} + {\text{wT}} = {\text{Y}}, $$

where

U:

utility.

m:

medical services,

X:

all other goods and services.

p:

out-of-pocket money price per unit of medical services.

t:

own-time input per unit of medical services consumed, t.

q:

money price per unit of X.

s:

own-time input per unit of X.

w:

earnings per hour.

Y:

total (full) income.

y:

non-earned income, and

T:

total amount of time available for market and own production of goods and services.

Here, the consumption of medical services, m, does not affect the amount of time available for production, T.

Based on the optimization process, the reduced-form demand functions for medical care (Mt) can be derived as:

$$ {\text{Mt}} = {\text{M}}({\text{p}},{\text{q}},{\text{w}},{\text{V}},{\text{H}},{\text{E}};{\text{e}}_{\text{t}} ), $$

where E is a vector of individual, family and community characteristics, and et is the unobserved initial endowment and V is the current annual household wealth income.

Most of the empirical studies have used the reduced-form approach and include both sets of variables denoting either demand and/or production function variables to analyse the determinants of health care.

The “conditional” demand for curative care (one of the inputs in the health production function can be specified as:

$$ \left[ {{\text{Mi}}|{\text{Hi}} = 1} \right] = {\text{b}}_{1} + {\text{b}}_{2} {\text{Pi}} + {\text{b}}_{3} {\text{Vi }} + {\text{b}}_{4} {\text{Ei}} + {\text{e}}_{\text{i}} ,\;{\text{i}} = 1, \, 2 \ldots\, {\text{m}}\,{\text{sick}}\,{\text{persons}}. $$
(A)

where E is a vector of individual, household and community variables and M is the choice of healthcare provider which takes discrete values.

M = 0, if taking no treatment, or taking self-treatment and other care (other than public and private) facilities

= 1, if public health facilities are used for treatment

= 2, if private health care is utilized.

Annexure 2

Table 6.13

 

Rural results➜

Dependent variable➜

PUBCARE

Exp.Variables↓ Coeff.–>

All India

Gujarat

Maharashtra

Karnataka

MP

Rajasthan

NONFACTY

−7.394*

−4.5363*

−8.6687*

−7.3469*

–

–

TIMENC

−7.643*

−5.78388*

–

−6.9228*

–

–

HPABST

−7.219*

−5.3439*

–

−6.1166*

–

–

WAITTL

−7.225*

−4.8533*

–

−6.6586*

–

–

PQUAC

−8.188*

−5.9662*

−11.8758*

−7.7053*

–

–

BPL

0.059**

0.0823

0.6042*

0.3538*

0.1355

–

INSANY

−0.090*

−0.0865

−0.0859

−0.2738*

−0.4136*

–

CASTE

−0.110*

−0.2494*

−0.1769

−0.0194

0.2383

−1.3862*

WATSS

0.013*

−0.0072

−0.0271

0.0014

−0.0444**

−0.0184

SANTYP

−0.008*

0.0271**

−0.0343***

−0.0237**

0.0833**

0.0387

WI

−0.177*

−0.2916*

−0.1225

−0.4102*

−0.0110

−0.3699

RELGN

0.007*

0.2068

0.2670

0.0107

–

−1.6850*

FEEDU

0.052*

0.0183

−0.3088**

0.0145

0.1183

–

ELECTR

0.375*

0.7200*

−1.2278**

0.8132*

0.7167***

−1.4515

Constant

3.699*

2.8576*

7.6943*

4.0759*

2.0315

13.9981*

 

Pseudo R2 = 0.8735

Pseudo R2 = 0.7380

Pseudo R2 = 0.9320

Pseudo R2 = 0.8595

Pseudo R2 = 0.0555

Pseudo R2 = 0.3463

 

Number of obs = 147743

Number of obs = 4856

Number of obs = 3884

Number of obs = 7613

Number of obs = 3071

Number of obs = 3608

 

Rural results➜

Dependent variable➜

PUBCARE

Exp.Variables↓ Coeff.–>

Assam

Arunachal Pradesh

Manipur

Meghalaya

Mizoram

Nagaland

Sikkim

Tripura

NONFACTY

 

−5.2053*

−7.2817*

−7.2794*

−8.3670*

−6.6568*

  

TIMENC

 

−3.0599*

−6.0162*

     

HPABST

   

−6.4414*

 

−5.8334*

  

WAITTL

 

−6.3668*

      

PQUAC

    

−8.7251*

−6.9205*

  

BPL

−0.0560

0.0827

−0.2993*

0.9484**

−0.7419**

0.8946**

 

−0.0910

INSANY

−0.2284*

−0.0999

0.3655

−1.1872

−0.0371

−0.3796*

−0.0158

 

CASTE

−0.4378*

−0.4143**

0.0192

0.5641

1.3865

−0.3986*

−0.2562***

0.0554

WATSS

0.0941*

−0.0332*

0.0125

−0.0247**

−0.0087

−0.0109***

 

−0.0126

SANTYP

0.0080

0.0034

−0.0192

0.0637*

0.0475

−0.0389*

0.0875*

−0.0124

WI

−0.5140*

−0.6296*

0.0536

0.6382*

1.0590**

−0.4844*

 

0.2075

RELGN

0.0877

0.0039

−0.0203*

−0.0038

−1.0802***

0.0856*

0.0234

 

FEEDU

0.5092*

0.0514

−0.0204

−0.1367

−0.9602*

−0.1063

 

0.1589

ELECTR

0.0787

1.4730*

−1.1129*

−0.0316

−2.1050**

−0.0918

 

0.0564

Constant

2.8945*

6.9258*

5.3518*

0.3204

6.8994**

6.5241*

2.2441**

4.5689*

 

Pseudo R2 = 0.1151

Pseudo R2 = 0.6632

Pseudo R2 = 0.7027

Pseudo R2 = 0.7275

Pseudo R2 = 0.7207

Pseudo R2 = 0.7638

Pseudo R2 = 0.0323

Pseudo R2 = 0.0168

 

Number of obs = 2946

Number of obs = 2608

Number of obs = 3908

Number of obs = 2494

Number of obs = 1825

Number of obs = 4154

Number of obs = 1984

Number of obs = 1949

  1. *1% level of significance; **5% level of significance; 10% level of significance

Table 6.14

Dependent variable➜

PVTCARE

Exp.Variables↓ Coeff.–>

All India

Gujarat

Maharashtra

Karnataka

MP

Rajasthan

NONFACTY

3.0019*

1.8057*

1.6992*

1.6757*

3.0920*

5.3530*

TIMENC

0.9390*

0.5824*

0.7619*

−0.3357*

1.6931*

3.4296*

HPABST

0.7647*

0.8946*

0.9919*

0.6483*

1.7311*

1.5723*

WAITTL

1.4299*

1.0793*

1.4226*

0.5814*

2.5938*

2.9304*

PQUAC

2.6340*

1.5687*

2.2713*

1.5540*

3.2864*

4.8556*

BPL

−0.1997*

−0.0300

−0.0113

−0.0068

−0.1123**

0.2660*

INSANY

0.0201*

0.0210

0.1387*

0.2467*

−0.2501*

−0.0395

CASTE

0.0023

0.1463*

0.0616**

0.0892*

−0.2478*

0.0975

WATSS

−0.0068*

−0.0122*

0.0044

0.0058**

0.0079

−0.0119***

SANTYP

0.0110*

0.0119**

−0.0011

0.0053

−0.0054

−0.0303***

WI

−0.0183**

0.1855*

0.0162

0.1550*

−0.1884*

−0.3453*

RELGN

0.0008

−0.3853*

0.0278***

−0.0090

0.3898*

0.3505***

FEEDU

−0.0832*

−0.0482

0.0215

0.0025

−0.1059*

−0.2845*

ELECTR

−0.6496*

−0.2840*

−0.2307**

−0.0103

0.1363***

0.1771

Constant

−1.7308*

−1.6938*

−1.9943

−3.4029*

−1.7925*

−2.7652*

 

Pseudo R2 = 0.4364

Pseudo R2 = 0.2437

Pseudo R2 = 0.302

Pseudo R2 = 0.2894

Pseudo R2 = 0.5227

Pseudo R2 = 0.6863

 

Number of obs = 147743

Number of obs 4856

Number of obs = 5656

Number of obs = 7613

Number of obs = 8727

Number of obs = 7277

Dependent variable➜

PVTCARE

Exp.Variables↓ Coeff.–>

Assam

Arunachal Pradesh

Manipur

Meghalaya

Mizoram

Nagaland.

Sikkim

Tripura

NONFACTY

5.1270*

4.8332*

5.7433*

4.3776*

8.2007*

3.4360*

9.5491*

9.2462*

TIMENC

4.4641*

4.8670*

3.9131*

1.7215*

 

2.4745*

0.7550

4.7085*

HPABST

6.1135*

2.2051*

1.9045*

1.6007*

 

2.8552*

0.9013

−0.5356

WAITTL

5.7606*

2.2519*

3.5143*

2.6447*

2.2576

1.4490*

2.8322*

7.3732*

PQUAC

4.9460*

1.6925*

3.5449*

3.9545*

8.2292*

2.3525*

4.0422*

8.0485*

BPL

0.1445

0.0469

0.1462**

−0.0940

0.7570*

0.1386

0.3143

0.1167

INSANY

0.1250**

−11.4613

−0.6921***

0.1992

−1.3247

0.1969**

0.1990

0.0483

CASTE

0.0928

0.7606*

−0.2823*

0.1218

 

−0.1287***

−0.2714

−0.0798

WATSS

0.0213**

0.0145

0.0099***

0.0118***

0.0154

−0.0194*

−0.0185

0.0116

SANTYP

0.0081

0.0194**

−0.0308**

−0.0052

−0.0904***

0.0065

0.2128*

0.0359*

WI

−0.1735***

0.8062*

−0.1332

−0.7328*

−1.1189**

−0.2478*

2.3074*

−0.1879

RELGN

0.1253

−0.0213***

0.0082***

0.0055*

0.9869***

−0.0646**

0.0135

−0.0050

FEEDU

−0.1547*

−0.5650*

−0.0597

−0.1232***

1.0153*

−0.0037

0.4672**

−0.0107

ELECTR

0.4216**

−2.0216*

0.1574

0.7125*

1.8910**

−0.0390

 

0.4196

Constant

−4.1131*

−7.9787*

−2.6459*

−2.3255*

−5.9908**

−1.1414*

−19.0342*

−5.2323*

 

Pseudo R2 = 0.6308

Pseudo R2 = 0.6564

Pseudo R2 = 0.6388

Pseudo R2 = 0.5104

Pseudo R2 = 0.7057

Pseudo R2 = 0.3973

Pseudo R2 = 0.5498

Pseudo R2 = 0.8506

 

Number of obs = 4036

Number of obs = 2726

Number of obs = 4451

Number of obs = 2869

Number of obs = 1779

Number of obs = 4662

Number of obs = 1984

Number of obs = 2793

Table 6.15

Dependent variable➜

ANYCARE

Exp.Variables↓ Coeff.–>

All India

Gujarat

Maharashtra

Karnataka

MP

Rajasthan

NONFACTY

−0.2120*

−0.3128*

−0.7078*

−0.3786*

−0.7872*

−0.1400

TIMENC

−0.4394*

−0.9885*

−0.5551*

−1.2857*

0.0183

−0.3571

HPABST

1.2374*

1.6739*

1.6039*

1.1504*

0.2524

0.3518

WAITTL

−0.0119

−0.5855*

−0.3365*

−0.2164*

0.5843*

−0.1861

PQUAC

−0.9981*

−1.3407*

−0.7872*

−1.1064*

−0.9342*

−2.5415

BPL

0.0320*

0.2162*

0.2949*

0.4754*

0.0705

2.1842*

INSANY

0.0696*

−0.0040

0.2007*

0.4635*

−0.0568

0.0450

CASTE

−0.0476*

0.1260**

−0.0542

0.0729*

−0.3231*

0.1483**

WATSS

0.0280*

−0.0108*

0.0344*

0.0198*

0.0502*

−0.0003

SANTYP

0.0178*

0.0270*

0.0014

0.0204*

0.0094

0.0409*

WI

−0.2355*

−0.2269*

−0.1607*

−0.1722*

−0.3058*

−0.3440*

RELGN

0.0004

−0.0791

0.0278

0.0047

0.2708

1.7681*

FEEDU

−0.0433*

0.0063

0.0156

0.0725*

−0.0189

−0.1621**

ELECTR

−0.0787*

1.3295*

–

0.7981*

0.5065*

0.4003**

Constant

2.3557*

1.6198*

2.1176*

−0.4958*

2.6372*

1.0715***

 

Pseudo R2 = 0.0856

Pseudo R2 = 0.1260

Pseudo R2 = 0.0940

Pseudo R2 = 0.1366

Pseudo R2 = 0.1118

Pseudo R2 = 0.2425

 

Number of obs = 147743

Number of obs = 4856

Number of obs = 5663

Number of obs = 7613

Number of obs = 8727

Number of obs = 7277

Dependent variable➜

ANYCARE

Exp.Variables↓ Coeff.–>

Assam

Arunachal Pradesh

Manipur

Meghalaya

Mizoram

Nagaland

Sikkim

Tripura

NONFACTY

−1.9686*

−1.8899*

0.5203

−2.0308*

−211.8723

−1.0344*

1.9854

8.5628

TIMENC

−2.2705*

1.7944**

0.0228

−1.8284*

 

−0.3097***

−2.9671*

−25.5632**

HPABST

2.5384*

1.1979***

0.5732

−0.2551

 

1.9021*

7.6464

−10.7178

WAITTL

1.1864***

2.3934*

1.2556*

0.5023

−326.9973

−1.7722*

−4.0499*

21.1105***

PQUAC

−1.5490*

−5.0876*

−3.9206*

−1.9515*

−171.2006

−1.8026*

−5.1621*

−1.9092

BPL

0.8184**

0.7047**

0.0622

4.3557*

 

1.0889*

1.2413*

1.9546

INSANY

−0.0393

−0.2034*

1.0975*

−0.5378***

−35.9862

1.8588*

0.1697

 

CASTE

−0.1528***

0.4558*

−0.4867*

0.5825*

−31.6749

−0.3925*

−0.1753

0.0156

WATSS

0.0987*

−0.0258**

0.0092

0.0091

6.0625

−0.0240*

−0.0389**

2.2723

SANTYP

0.0201

0.0554*

−0.0241***

0.0440*

−10.7152

−0.0250*

0.0696

2.9283

WI

−0.5198*

−0.2338

−0.4259*

−1.1887*

36.1232

−0.6705*

−0.3157

1.6437

RELGN

0.5059*

0.0000

−0.0097**

−0.0093*

−2.4260

−0.0155

0.0129

 

FEEDU

0.0784

−0.3084*

−0.0139

−0.1662**

58.7185

−0.0961**

0.1182

−0.1726

ELECTR

0.5010**

0.8314**

0.5372**

1.1455*

 

0.5916*

0.7246

 

Constant

2.2751*

2.4102*

6.7242*

4.4303*

111.7663

6.3709*

5.5964*

−64.3585**

 

Pseudo R2 = 0.2793

Pseudo R2 = 0.4533

Pseudo R2 = 0.3659

Pseudo R2 = 0.4198

Pseudo R2 = 1.0000

Pseudo R2 = 0.1916

Pseudo R2 = 0.6235

Pseudo R2 = 0.8379

 

Number of obs = 4036

Number of obs = 2726

Number of obs = 4451

Number of obs = 2869

Number of obs = 873

Number of obs = 4662

Number of obs = 2310

Number of obs = 2255

Table 6.16

 

Urban results

Dependent variable➜

PUBCARE

Exp.Variables↓ Coeff.–>

All India

Gujarat

Maharashtra

Karnataka

MP

Rajasthan

NONFACTY

−6.6828*

−6.1375*

−7.4714*

−7.0300*

−5.7196*

−9.7196*

TIMENC

−6.2519*

−5.0102*

–

–

−3.6417*

 

HPABST

−5.1397*

−2.7865*

–

–

−2.0324*

−5.3756*

WAITTL

−6.9217*

−4.8810*

−8.3366*

−7.7233*

−5.1011*

−8.4164*

PQUAC

−7.2489*

−5.7977*

−8.0638*

−7.5905*

−5.6818*

−8.9119*

BPL

−0.0233

−0.0751

0.1548

0.0098

0.3029**

0.4624

INSANY

−0.0977*

−0.0971

0.1011**

−0.2484*

0.0692

−0.0042

CASTE

−0.21958*

−0.2433**

−0.2493

−0.2031*

0.0886

−0.1831

WATSS

−0.0051*

0.0217**

−0.0223**

0.0204**

0.0028

0.1457*

SANTYP

−0.0068*

−0.0084

−0.0246**

−0.0017

0.0043

0.0339

WI

−0.2217*

−0.3159**

−0.3859*

−0.5955*

−0.1804***

0.6941**

RELGN

0.0101*

0.6302*

0.0107

−0.0877

−0.2317*

0.4735**

FEEDU

−0.1810*

−0.1970*

−0.1451**

−0.2097*

−0.1328*

−0.0364

ELECTR

0.3209*

0.5570

−0.3348

0.1859

0.2853

−1.2853

Constant

4.5841*

2.9084*

6.5213*

5.2756*

3.3791*

0.2428

 

Pseudo R2 = 0.8369

Pseudo R2 = 0.7210

Pseudo R2 = 0.8683

Pseudo R2 = 0.7938

Pseudo R2 = 0.7719

Pseudo R2 = 0.9053

 

Number of obs = 98284

Number of obs = 2910

Number of obs = 9177

Number of obs = 2619

Number of obs = 6606

Number of obs = 2706

 

Urban results

Dependent variable➜

PUBCARE

Exp.Variables↓ Coeff.–>

Assam

Arunachal Pradesh

Manipur

Meghalaya

Mizoram

Nagaland

Sikkim

Tripura

NONFACTY

 

−3.3023*

 

−6.6123*

−11.1159*

−6.6262*

  

TIMENC

 

−2.3520*

 

−6.5075*

 

−6.2916*

  

HPABST

     

−4.1638*

  

WAITTL

 

−1.8635**

  

−10.2870*

   

PQUAC

−178.0085

−5.6148*

  

−8.4650*

−6.7238*

  

BPL

127.7601

0.3468

0.8855

0.3482

0.4766

−0.3051*

 

−0.1208

INSANY

−0.2075***

−0.3184***

−0.1397**

1.8334

0.6114*

0.1297

  

CASTE

−0.3752***

0.2681

0.1912

−0.6654*

4.0309*

−0.1733

0.2234

0.6041**

WATSS

−0.0728**

0.6627**

0.0135

−0.0073

0.0724*

−0.0090

 

0.0098

SANTYP

−0.1260**

−0.0301*

0.0148

0.0068

1.1692

−0.0121

 

−0.0862*

WI

0.7266***

0.1745

−0.7258*

−0.6772***

−0.7642

−0.3943*

 

−2.3836*

RELGN

31.2380

0.0327

−0.0150**

−0.0013

−1.0147

0.3918*

  

FEEDU

−0.7682*

−0.0373

−0.2192**

−0.1889

−0.8810*

0.0830

 

0.0702

ELECTR

−28.7720

 

0.4404

0.3032

 

0.2769

  

Constant

4.6738

−4.4901

5.6279*

8.0725*

−8.2370

4.0065*

1.6213

12.3631*

 

Pseudo R2 = 0.8867

Pseudo R2 = 0.5566

Pseudo R2 = 0.1199

Pseudo R2 = 0.7625

Pseudo R2 = 0.8821

Pseudo R2 = 0.7970

Pseudo R2 = 0.0030

Pseudo R2 = 0.2312

 

Number of obs = 1042

Number of obs = 857

Number of obs = 2024

Number of obs = 982

Number of obs = 1586

Number of obs = 3075

Number of obs = 11

Number of obs = 327

Table 6.17

 

Urban results

Dependent variable➜

PVTCARE

Exp.Variables↓ Coeff.–>

All India

Gujarat

Maharashtra

Karnataka

MP

Rajasthan

NONFACTY

1.8155*

1.7571*

2.0659*

0.8850*

2.2468*

4.0908*

TIMENC

0.9197*

1.1504*

1.3831*

−0.0574

1.2139*

3.3626*

HPABST

0.0255

−0.2100

1.1203*

0.1917

0.6973*

0.9732*

WAITTL

1.4476*

0.7808*

1.7282*

0.8508*

1.8998*

2.7628*

PQUAC

1.8201*

0.7984*

1.2914*

1.1608*

1.8465*

3.2849

BPL

−0.1357*

−0.0039

0.0395

−0.0277

−0.0709

0.0580

INSANY

0.0105**

−0.1148

−0.0526*

0.1026*

−0.1401*

−0.0792

CASTE

0.0668*

0.1026**

0.0571*

0.0108

−0.0124

−0.0972

WATSS

−0.0029*

−0.0098**

−0.0078***

−0.0302*

0.0070**

0.0102

SANTYP

0.0049*

−0.0015

0.0142*

−0.0017

−0.0016

−0.0296*

WI

0.0365*

0.0346

0.1516*

0.0608

−0.0492

−0.7049*

RELGN

−0.0088*

−0.5879*

−0.0156*

−0.0730

0.0201

0.0426

FEEDU

−0.0747*

−0.0437

−0.0489*

0.0518**

−0.0528**

−0.1369*

ELECTR

−0.3210*

−0.2445

−0.0397

−0.1056

0.4014***

0.3203

Constant

−1.5232*

0.2301

−2.0536*

−1.2343*

−1.8685*

0.0657

 

Pseudo R2 = 0.2701

Pseudo R2 = 0.1507

Pseudo R2 = 0.2336

Pseudo R2 = 0.1774

Pseudo R2 = 0.3270

Pseudo R2 = 0.5286

 

Number of obs = 98284

Number of obs = 2910

Number of obs = 10789

Number of obs = 3779

Number of obs = 6606

Number of obs = 2898

 

Urban results

Dependent variable➜

PVTCARE

Exp.Variables↓ Coeff.–>

Assam

Arunachal Pradesh

Manipur

Meghalaya

Mizoram

Nagaland

Sikkim

Tripura

NONFACTY

4.3268*

−1.0181

5.0147*

2.9173*

3.9400*

2.2806*

 

4.0562*

TIMENC

4.7228*

3.6984*

2.7248*

2.4173*

6.5410*

0.8475*

3.3747*

 

HPABST

3.3833*

 

2.9041*

2.9092*

 

−0.1948

 

1.4624

WAITTL

3.8850*

3.4756*

4.6562*

2.7049*

4.3919*

0.3628*

3.9334*

4.2806*

PQUAC

3.7831*

0.6784

4.2372*

0.5557**

3.8904*

1.3312*

2.1233*

4.2834*

BPL

0.1371

−0.0723

−0.4497**

0.0380

 

0.2690*

0.0266

−0.1157

INSANY

−0.0884***

0.2465

−0.0501

0.6002**

−0.2214

−1.9012*

−0.0140

0.0138

CASTE

−0.0548

−0.0511

−0.2995*

0.2220

0.9999

0.2476*

0.3724

0.1070

WATSS

0.0421*

0.0027

0.0057

0.0264*

−0.0032

0.0069**

 

−0.0350

SANTYP

−0.0121

−0.0802

−0.0074

−0.0147

−0.2813

−0.0011

−0.6756

−0.1093*

WI

−0.1756

0.2696

0.0691

−0.0146

−1.0188*

−0.0436

 

0.2383

RELGN

0.0109

0.0138

0.0038

−0.0138***

1.1026**

0.1726*

−0.2410

0.3170

FEEDU

0.0375

0.2553

0.2219*

−0.0485

0.4572**

0.1106*

0.0357

−0.0199

ELECTR

0.6112***

 

−0.3020

−0.4611

 

0.3660

 

−0.2180

Constant

-3.7606*

-5.6801

-3.0136*

-3.4349*

-3.3329

-3.4739*

2.8697

-1.6517

 

Pseudo R2 = 0.5260

Pseudo R2 = 0.4910

Pseudo R2 = 0.6179

Pseudo R2 = 0.4121

Pseudo R2 = 0.5642

Pseudo R2 = 0.2503

Pseudo R2 = 0.4942

Pseudo R2 = 0.5678

 

Number of obs = 1530

Number of obs = 857

Number of obs = 2797

Number of obs = 1403

Number of obs = 1310

Number of obs = 3496

Number of obs = 744

Number of obs = 556

Table 6.18

 

Urban results

Dependent variable→

ANYCARE

Exp.Variables↓ Coeff.–>

All India

Gujarat

Maharashtra

Karnataka

MP

Rajasthan

NONFACTY

−0.4703*

−0.3634*

−0.2597*

−0.5882

−0.3847*

−0.7990*

TIMENC

-0.3613*

-0.2713***

-0.1739**

−0.7368

−0.1280

−0.6231**

HPABST

0.6106*

−0.4503**

1.7396*

0.5174

0.1183

−1.0456*

WAITTL

−0.2132*

−0.6499*

−0.3271*

−0.3098

0.3166*

−0.4811*

PQUAC

−0.5465*

−1.0825*

−0.9400*

−0.1891

−0.8957*

−2.1705*

BPL

−0.0169

0.0822

0.1487*

0.1621

0.1406

3.4457*

INSANY

0.0226*

−0.0894**

−0.0664*

0.1062

−0.1127*

−0.0104

CASTE

0.0335*

0.0227

0.0015

0.0107

0.0644***

−0.0893

WATSS

0.00398

0.1153*

−0.0170*

−0.0136

0.0181*

0.1291

SANTYP

0.01518

−0.0035

0.0006

−0.0044

0.0147***

−0.0327**

WI

−0.2536*

−0.4866*

−0.0415

−0.3820

−0.3537*

−0.8947*

RELGN

−0.0023

−0.3951*

−0.0111***

0.0310

0.0277

0.2045*

FEEDU

−0.0950*

−0.1064*

−0.0773*

0.0056

−0.1194*

−0.1742*

ELECTR

1.0537*

1.8790*

0.3614*

1.7732

1.8249*

0.9351***

Constant

1.8600*

2.2348*

2.3887*

1.0468

1.6641*

5.2354*

 

Pseudo R2 = 0.0501

Pseudo R2 = 0.1166

Pseudo R2 = 0.0523

Pseudo R2 = 0.0933

Pseudo R2 = 0.0911

Pseudo R2 = 0.2733

 

Number of obs = 98284

Number of obs = 2910

Number of obs = 10789

Number of obs = 3779

Number of obs = 6606

Number of obs = 2898

 

Urban results

Dependent variable➜

ANYCARE

Exp.Variables↓ Coeff.–>

Assam

Arunachal Pradesh

Manipur

Meghalaya

Mizoram

Nagaland

Sikkim

Tripura

NONFACTY

−1.5054*

−3.6398

−0.6239**

−1.8118*

−4.1822*

−0.6669*

 

−2.3667

TIMENC

−0.0259

−1.2231

−0.3686

−1.0965*

−3.0964*

−0.4866*

−0.2560

 

HPABST

1.0920***

 

−0.6580**

3.7705*

 

1.2591*

 

−5.9477*

WAITTL

0.0594

1.2900

1.5243*

−1.2421*

−2.1419*

−1.4455*

−3.8271*

−0.8491

PQUAC

−1.8866*

−4.8039

−1.6520*

−3.4648*

−3.9816*

−1.0809*

−4.6953*

−1.7642

BPL

2.2462*

 

0.0470

0.8244

−0.3217

0.9948*

0.1854

−0.0326

INSANY

−0.1252*

0.3538

−0.0754

1.9187*

0.3652***

−0.1632*

0.0605

 

CASTE

−0.1314

0.4543

−0.2324*

0.0914

2.6820**

0.1214**

−0.1315

0.9700***

WATSS

0.0230***

1.0196

0.0092***

0.0311*

0.0128

0.0011

−0.0656**

−0.0258

SANTYP

−0.0100

−0.0409

−0.0002

0.0764*

1.3133**

0.0143***

0.0700

−0.0868**

WI

−0.3265**

−0.0614

−1.0054*

−0.3791**

−2.0249*

−0.5648*

−2.8267

0.4946

RELGN

0.0130

0.0663

−0.0042

−0.0067***

0.8085***

0.1895*

−0.3007**

 

FEEDU

−0.0074

0.1160

0.2547*

−0.0866

−0.3734**

0.0934*

−0.0267

−0.5323

ELECTR

0.4464

 

1.9319*

0.0502

 

1.7307*

  

Constant

4.0963*

−8.1697

5.5434*

2.2244**

−8.4891

1.3339*

19.7587***

5.7614***

 

Pseudo R2 = 0.1907

Pseudo R2 = 0.5251

Pseudo R2 = 0.1569

Pseudo R2 = 0.3409

Pseudo R2 = 0.5119

Pseudo R2 = 0.1318

Pseudo R2 = 0.5715

Pseudo R2 = 0.5747

 

Number of obs = 1530

Number of obs = 756

Number of obs = 2797

Number of obs = 1403

Number of obs = 1609

Number of obs = 3496

Number of obs = 999

Number of obs = 446

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Purohit, B.C. (2017). Demand Elasticities for Health Care. In: Inequity in Indian Health Care. India Studies in Business and Economics. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-5044-2_6

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-5044-2_6

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