Abstract
Two of the most important developments of this new century are the emergence of Cloud computing and Big Data. However, the uncertainties surrounding the failure of Cloud service providers to clearly assert “ownership” rights of data during Cloud computing transactions and Big Data services have been perceived as imposing transaction costs and slowing down the capacity of the Internet market to thrive. “Click-through” agreements drafted on a “take it or leave it” basis govern the current state of the art and they do not allow much room for negotiation. The novel contribution of this chapter proffers a new contractual model advocating the extension of the negotiation capabilities of Cloud customers, enabling thus an automated and machine-readable framework, orchestrated by a “Cloud broker.” Cloud computing and Big Data are constantly evolving and transforming into new paradigms where Cloud brokers are predicted to play a vital role as an intermediary adding extra value to the entire life cycle. This chapter situates the theories of behavioral law and economics (“Nudge Theory”) in the context of Cloud computing and Big Data, and takes “ownership” rights of data as a canonical example to represent the problem of collecting and sharing data at the global scale. It does this by highlighting the legal constraints concerning Japan’s Personal Information Protection Act (Act No. 57 of 2003, hereinafter “PIPA”) and proposes a solution outside the boundaries and limitations of the law. By allowing Cloud brokers to establish themselves in the market as entities coordinating and actively engaging in the negotiation of Service Level Agreements (SLAs), individual customers and Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs) could efficiently and effortlessly choose a Cloud provider that best suits their needs. This can yield radical new results for the development of the Cloud computing and Big Data market.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Notes
- 1.
Muller (2015), p. 168.
- 2.
Horten (2016), p. 135.
- 3.
Lightman (2002), Preface.
- 4.
See, e.g., Van Schewick (2010), pp. 1–586.
- 5.
- 6.
See, e.g., Bygrave and Bing (2009), pp. 3–4.
- 7.
See, e.g., Jolls, Sunstein and Thaler (1998), pp. 1471–1550.
- 8.
Personal Information Protection Act (No. 57 of 2003).
- 9.
Murugesan and Ananth (2016), p. 4.
- 10.
Balasubramanyam (2013), p. 102.
- 11.
Srinivasan (2014), p. 5.
- 12.
Millham (2012), p. 2.
- 13.
Catlett et al. (2013), Preface.
- 14.
Kasemsap (2015), p. 31.
- 15.
Biswas (2014), p. 333.
- 16.
Marinescu (2013), Preface.
- 17.
Murherjee and Loganathan (2014), pp. 142–143.
- 18.
Kannan et al. (2016), Preface.
- 19.
Chen et al. (2014), pp. 12–13.
- 20.
Mosco (2014), pp. 1–284.
- 21.
- 22.
Corrales and Jurčys (2016).
- 23.
Parsons and Colegate (2015).
- 24.
Metcalfe (2013).
- 25.
The Japan Times (2013).
- 26.
Béranger (2016), p. 85.
- 27.
Crawford (2015).
- 28.
- 29.
Corrales and Jurčys (2016).
- 30.
- 31.
See Personal Information Protection Commission.
- 32.
Corrales and Jurčys (2016). Furthermore, proposals for standardizing contractual model terms like in the case of the SLALOM project may aid towards this direction, given that standardization is inherently an international effort that requires consensus and can achieve interoperability of regulatory and technical frameworks. See generally, Rinaldi and Stella (2016). The SLALOM Project is co-funded by the European Commission through the H2020 Program under Grant Agreement 644720.
- 33.
- 34.
About fiduciary responsibilities of Big Data see, e.g., Berman (2013), pp. 201–211.
- 35.
See, e.g., Al-Khouri (2012), pp. 1–8.
- 36.
Property rights can be categorized in different ways, most of which fall outside the scope of this chapter. Generally, this term can be broken down in two main areas: (a) corporeal: covering items which relate to an object, a thing. Something tangible that is a physical good e.g., a car, a computer; (b) incorporeal: covering items that are not visible to human eye. Something virtual and intangible by nature, e.g., data, information. See Robson and McCowan (1998), p. 15; Corrales et al. (2010), pp. 293–294; Elkin-Koren and Salzberger (2013), p. 44.
- 37.
Angner and Loewenstein (2016).
- 38.
See generally, Zeiller and Teitelbaum (2015).
- 39.
See generally, Minton and Kahle (2013), pp. 1–149.
- 40.
Jolls et al. (1998), pp. 1471–1550.
- 41.
In the UK for instance, the Prime Minister David Cameron established a “Behavioral Insights Team” in the Cabinet Office with the specific objective of including the psychological analysis of human behaviour into policy-making initiatives in various areas such as anti-smoking, energy efficiency, consumer protection, organ donation, etc. See Behavioral Insights Team; see also Wright (2014). In the United States, the Obama administration created a team in 2013 in order to do empirical research of behavioral sciences. Recently, in September 2015, President Obama signed an executive order, which encourages federal government agencies to use behavioral science insights to better understand and serve the American people. See Executive Order—Using Behavioral Science Insights to Better Serve the American People, The White House, Office of the Press Secretary (2015).
- 42.
World Bank Development Report (2015).
- 43.
The Economist (2006).
- 44.
See, e.g., generally, Munro (2009).
- 45.
- 46.
As Herbert Simon pointed out: “Human rational behavior (and the rational behavior of all physical symbol systems) is shaped by a scissors whose two blades are the structure of task environments and the computational capabilities of the actor.” See Simon (1990), p. 7.
- 47.
- 48.
- 49.
Viale (2012), p. 25.
- 50.
Connolly and Coburn (2016), p. 41.
- 51.
Kahneman (2011), p. 98.
- 52.
Kahneman (2011), pp. 97–98. The etymology of the word “heuristics” comes from Greek “heureka,” which literally means, “I have found (it)” from the verb “heuriskein” (to find). This expression became famous as it was supposed to be shouted by Archimedes (c. 287–212 B.C.E.) when he found the solution to a scientific problem. See Online Etymology Dictionary; Utts (2014), p. 348.
- 53.
See, e.g., Sunstein (2000).
- 54.
Heukelom (2014), Introduction, pp. 1–10, 168.
- 55.
See Thaler and Sunstein (2003), pp. 1–3.
- 56.
- 57.
The terms System 1 and System 2 were first coined by Stanovich and West and will be used along this chapter. See Stanovich and West (2000), pp. 645–665.
- 58.
Kahneman (2003), p. 698.
- 59.
Kahneman (2003), p. 698.
- 60.
Kahneman (2003), p. 698; Kahneman (2011), pp. 20–26; see also Stanovich (2010). In this book, Stanovich established the difference between rationality and intelligence and suggests that some individuals are closer to System 1 and some others are closer to System 2. He also established a distinction of two parts of System 2, what he calls “two separate minds.” According to him, System 2 has a dual-process and must be divided into the “reflective mind” and the “algorithmic mind.” According to Stanovich’s concept, superficial or “lazy” thinking is a flaw in the reflective mind, and explains how individuals can behave sometimes irrationally. See also Kahneman (2011), pp. 48–49. In evolutionary terms, System 1 is older than System 2. It relates to our animal instincts and is broken down in a subset of systems that include both our innate abilities and “domain-specific knowledge” learnt from a “domain-general learning” system. System 2 is more recent and belongs only to humans. It allows abstract and hypothetical ways of reasoning and thinking. It is linked to language and intelligence but is limited in memory capacity. See Evans (2003), pp. 454–459.
- 61.
Raisinghani (2015), p. 188.
- 62.
Businessballs.com (Nudge Theory).
- 63.
See English Collins Dictionary (Nudge).
- 64.
See Oxford Dictionary (Nudge).
- 65.
Thaler and Sunstein (2009), p. 6.
- 66.
Willis (2015).
- 67.
- 68.
Nudges.org (2008).
- 69.
Thaler and Sunstein (2009), p. 3.
- 70.
- 71.
Behavioral Economics is expanding to different fields in addition to law. See, e.g., Heshmat (2011), Introduction. In addition, nudging techniques can also be used to negatively influence and biase decision-making. The ways many surveys, polls and referendums are framed are all very good examples of this.
- 72.
Sunstein (2014), pp. 1–221.
- 73.
- 74.
Wallace (2008).
- 75.
Sunstein (2014), p. 25.
- 76.
Felin (2014), p. 3.
- 77.
- 78.
See Bloomberg (2013) p. 12.
- 79.
- 80.
See, e.g., Jansen and Bosch (2005), pp. 109–120.
- 81.
Sunstein (2014), pp. 1–30, 179.
- 82.
- 83.
Sunstein (2014), pp. 28, 73, 74, 77 and 149.
- 84.
Biddle et al. (2015), p. 377.
- 85.
- 86.
Biddle et al. (2015), p. 377.
- 87.
- 88.
Abbots and Lavis (2016), p. 155.
- 89.
Gigerenzer (2015), pp. 361–362.
- 90.
Corrales and Jurčys (2016), pp. 533–536.
- 91.
Sunstein (2014), p. 28.
- 92.
Mill (1859), pp. 21–22.
- 93.
- 94.
For details about “behavioral market failures” and “default rules” see Sunstein (2015), pp. 206 and 218.
- 95.
- 96.
- 97.
Bishop (2009), p. 296.
- 98.
- 99.
See, e.g., Jackson (2006), pp. 68–69.
- 100.
- 101.
- 102.
Corrales and Jurčys (2016), pp. 533–536.
- 103.
- 104.
Kahneman (2011), p. 4.
- 105.
XML is a markup language standard that aims to define a format that is both human and machine understandable.
- 106.
See generally, Herbst et al. (2016).
- 107.
Sunstein (2015), Preface.
- 108.
See, e.g., Iyengar and Lepper (2000), pp. 995–1006. In this empirical research, the authors challenged the assumption that the more choice, the better. In 3 different experiments, they arrived at the conclusion that people are more likely to choose or buy something when limited choices are available. For example, it is easier to choose and buy jam or chocolate from a limited array of 6 options rather than a more extensive selection of 24 or 30 choices.
- 109.
Sunstein (2015), p. 173.
- 110.
Sunstein (2013c), p. 11.
- 111.
Thaler et al. (2013), p. 430.
- 112.
Sunstein (2015), Preface, p. 6.
- 113.
OPTIMIS is an open source toolkit designed to help Cloud service providers to build and run applications in the Cloud. New features that include the clarification of database rights and “ownership” rights of data have been implemented. The toolkit has been integrated into the OpenNebula Ecosystem and the Infrastructure-as-a-Service Cloud computing project OpenStack. See EU Project Enhances Open Source Toolkit Cloud; see also XML Description Schema Improvement.
- 114.
Sunstein (2015), pp. 8–9.
- 115.
Cloud Legal Guidelines (Final Report), Deliverable 7.2.1.4, p. 14.
- 116.
See, e.g., Lessig (2006).
- 117.
See, e.g., Kousiouris et al. (2013), pp. 63 et seq.
- 118.
Barnitzke et al. (2011), pp. 51–55.
- 119.
Kousiouris et al. (2013), p. 63.
- 120.
The XML schema was made in the Eclipse Integrated Development Environment (IDE), which is a graphical tool for creating code (and other things such as the xml example). By having the schema model file, an interested entity may import it in a programming environment such as the Eclipse IDE. Based on the schema (also known as “xsd file” in reference to the file name extension “.xsd”), they can create an instance and populate the individual values (or select from value lists where this input is limited to a predefined selection). More details on this process can be found in Vafiadis et al. (2012), pp. 27–31.
- 121.
See, e.g., Kousiouris et al. (2013), pp. 63 et seq.
- 122.
Morris (1992), p. 591.
- 123.
- 124.
See, e.g., Cunningham and Hart (1993), p. 24.
- 125.
Newman (2010).
- 126.
Ostroff (2011), pp. 10–12.
- 127.
Bayles (2014), p. 331.
- 128.
Nix (2011).
- 129.
An HTTP Get operation is a simple type of web service from which one can retrieve formatted information, similar to a request in a standard browser for a web page.
- 130.
Kousiouris et al. (2013), pp. 64–65.
- 131.
See, e.g., Ilerian, XSD Form Features Overview.
- 132.
Kousiouris et al. (2013), p. 68.
- 133.
Sunstein (2015), pp. 12–13.
- 134.
Lessig (2006), pp. 1–432.
References
Abbots E, Lavis A (eds) (2016) Why we eat, how we eat: contemporary encounters between foods and bodies. Routledge, London
Abraham R, Aier S, Winter R (2012) Two speeds of EAM-A dynamic capabilities perspective. In: Aier S et al (eds) Trends in enterprise architecture research and practice-driven research on enterprise transformation, 7th workshop, TEAR 2012, and 5th working conference, PRET 2012, Proceedings. Springer, Berlin
Adhikari A, Adhikari J (2015) Advanced in knowledge discovery in databases, vol 79. Springer, Cham
Al-khouri A (2012) Data ownership: who owns ‘My Data’? Int J Manag Inf Technol 2(2):1–8
Anger E (2016) A course in behavioral economics, 2nd edn. MacMillan Education Palgrave, London
Anthony S (1995) Farm and ranch safety management (agriculture). Delmar, Cengage Learning, Clifton Park
Angner E, Loewenstein G (2016) Behavioral economics, Elsevier’s handbook of the philosophy of science, vol 5. http://www.cmu.edu/dietrich/sds/docs/loewenstein/BehavioralEconomics.pdf. Accessed 10 Jan 2017
Avineri E (2014) Nudging safer road behaviors. http://www.rannaorf.org.il/webfiles/files/Nudge_in_Road_Safety_final.pdf. Accessed 1 Sept 2016
Balasubramanyam S (2013) Cloud-based development using classic life cycle model. In: Mahmood Z, Saeed S (eds) Software engineering frameworks for the cloud computing paradigm. Springer, London
Barnitzke B et al (2011) Legal restraints and security requirements on personal data and their technical implementation in clouds, Workshop for E-contracting for clouds. eChallenges. http://users.ntua.gr/gkousiou/publications/eChallenges2011.pdf. Accessed 1 Sept 2016
Bayles M (2014) Exercise testing. In: Swain D (ed) ACSM’s resource manual for guidelines for exercise testing and prescription, 7th edn. Wolters Kluwer (Lippincott Williams & Wilki), Philadelphia
Behavioral Insights Team. http://www.behaviouralinsights.co.uk. Accessed 1 Sept 2016
Béranger J (2016) Big data and ethics: the medical datasphere. ISTE Press Ltd., London
Berman J (2013) Principles of big data: preparing, sharing, and analyzing complex information. Morgan Kaufmann (Elsevier), Waltham
Biddle S, Mutrie N, Gorely T (2015) Psychology of physical activity: determinants, well-being and interventions, 3rd edn. Routledge, London
Bishop M (2009) Essential economics: an A to Z guide. The economist, 2nd edn. Bloomberg Press, New York
Biswas S (2014) Relationship marketing: concepts, theories and cases, 2nd edn. PHI Learning Private Limited, Delhi
Bloomberg J (2013) The agile architecture revolution: how cloud computing, rest-based SOA, and mobile computing are changing enterprise IT. Wiley, Hoboken
Blythe J (2013) Consumer behavior, 2nd edn. Sage, Los Angeles
Brauer R (2016) Safety and health for engineers, 3rd edn. Wiley, Hoboken
Brown D (1972) Mill on liberty and morality. Philos Rev 87(2):133–158
Businessballs.com. Nudge theory. http://www.businessballs.com/nudge-theory.htm. Accessed 1 Sept 2016
Bygrave L, Bing J (eds) (2009) Internet governance: infrastructure and institutions. Oxford University Press, Oxford
Catlett C (2013) Cloud computing and big data. IOS Press, Amsterdam
Chen M et al (2014) Big data: related technologies, challenges and future prospects. Springer, Cham
Clark G, Strauss K, Knox-Hayes J (2012) Saving for retirement: intention, context, and behavior. Oxford University Press, Oxford
Clark R (2010) I’m just saying. Dog Ear Publishing, Indianapolis
Clements P et al (2010) Documenting software architectures: views and beyond, Carnegie Mellon Software Engineering Institute (SEI) series in software engineering, 2nd edn. Addison Wesley, Upper Saddle River
Cloud Legal Guidelines (final report), Deliverable 7.2.1.4. http://www.optimis-project.eu/sites/default/files/content-files/document/optimis-public-deliverable-d7214-Cloud-legal-guidelines-final-report.pdf. Accessed 1 Sept 2016
Corrales M et al (2010) Intellectual property rights in e-health: balancing out the interests at stake—a Herculean task? Int J Priv Law 3(3):286–299
Corrales M, Jurčys P (2016) Review of Cass Sunstein, why nudge: the politics of libertarian paternalism. Yale University Press, New Haven/London (2014). Mod Law Rev 79:533–536
Corrales M, Jurčys P (2016) A new legal landscape for big data in Japan. Beck-Online, ZD-Aktuell 15 (05247)
Connolly D, Coburn P (2016) Legal theory and the relationship between psychology and law. In: Jackson R, Roesch R (eds) Learning forensic assessment: research and practice, 2nd edn. Routledge, New York
Consumer Policy Toolkit, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. http://www.oecd.org/sti/consumer/consumer-policy-toolkit-9789264079663-en.htm. Accessed 1 Sept 2016
Crawford L (2015) JAPAN: new amendments to Japanese privacy law. http://blogs.dlapiper.com/privacymatters/new-amendments-to-japanese-privacy-law/. Accessed 1 Sept 2016
Cunningham J, De Hart L (1993) A history of the New York City subway system, revised edition, s. l
Dold M (2016) Condorcet’s jury theorem as a rational justification of soft paternalistic consumer policies. In: Mathis M, Tor A (eds) Nudging—possibilities, limitations and applications in European law and economics. Springer, Cham
Elkin-koren N, Salzberger E (2013) The law and economics of intellectual property in the digital age: the limits of analysis. Routledge, London
English Collins Dictionary. http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/nudge. Accessed 1 Sept 2016
Eppinger S, Browning T (2012) Design structure matrix methods and applications. The MIT Press, Cambridge
EU Project Enhances Open Source Toolkit Cloud. http://www.optimis-project.eu/sites/default/files/content-files/document/eu-project-enhances-open-source-toolkit-Cloud-2.pdf. Accessed 1 Sept 2016
Evans J (2003) In two minds: dual-process accounts of reasoning. Trends Cogn Sci 7(10):454–459
Evans-Pritchard B (2013) Aiming to reduce cleaning costs, works that work. https://worksthatwork.com/1/urinal-fly. Accessed 1 Sept 2016
Executive Order (2015) Using behavioral science insights to better serve the American people, The White House, office of the press secretary. https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2015/09/15/executive-order-using-behavioral-science-insights-better-serve-american. Accessed 1 Sept 2016
Felin T (2014) Nudge: managers as a choice architect, the Saïd Business School’s working paper series, University of Oxford. http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2523922. Accessed 1 Sept 2016
Gigerenzer G (2000) Adaptive thinking: rationality in the real world. Oxford University Press, Oxford
Gigerenzer G, Selten R (eds) (2002) Bounded rationality: the adaptive toolbox. The MIT Press, Cambridge
Gigerenzer G (2015) On the supposed evidence for libertarian paternalism. Rev Philos Psychol 6(3):361–383
Guastello S (2014) Human factors engineering and ergonomics: a systems approach, 2nd edn. CRC Press, Boca Ratón
Hamilton D, Zufiaurre B (2014) Blackboards and bootstraps: revisioning education and schooling. Sense Publishers, Rotterdam
Hartley D (2012) Education and the culture of consumption: personalisation and the social order. Routledge, London
Herbst N et al (2016) Ready for rain? A view from SPEC research on the future of cloud metrics, SPEC RG cloud working group. Technical report, version 1.0. https://arxiv.org/pdf/1604.03470.pdf. Accessed 5 Jan 2017
Heshmat S (2011) Eating behavior and obesity: behavioral economics strategies for health professionals. Springer, New York
Heukelom F (2014) Behavioral economics: a history. Cambridge University Press, New York
Horten M (2016) Closing of the net. Polity Press, Cambridge
Ilerian. XSD form features overview. https://ilerian.com/overview. Accessed 1 Sept 2016
Iyengar S, Lepper M (2000) when choice is demotivating: can one desire too much of a good thing? J Pers Soc Psychol 79(6):995–1006
Jackson J (2006) Ethics in medicine: virtue, vice and medicine. Polity Press, Cambridge
Jamson S (2013) The role of acceptance in behavioral adaptation. In: Rudin-Brown C, Jamson S (eds) Behavioral adaptation and road safety: theory, evidence and action. CRC Press, Boca Ratón
Jansen A, Bosch J (2005) Software architecture as a set of architectural design decisions. In: Nord R et al (eds) 5th working IEEE/IFIP conference on software architecture WICSA 2005, papers and working session results, proceedings, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. IEEE Computer Society, Los Alamitos
John P (2013) Nudge, nudge, think, think: experimenting with ways to change civic behavior. Bloomsbury, London
Jolls C, Sunstein C, Thaler R (1998) A behavioral approach to law and economics. Stanf Law Rev 50:1471–1550
Kahneman D (2003) A perspective on judgment and choice: mapping bounded rationality. Am Psychol 58(9):697–720
Kahneman D (2011) Thinking, fast and slow. Penguin Books, London
Kannan R et al (eds) (2016) Managing and processing big data in cloud computing. Information Science Reference (IGI Global), Hershey
Kasemsap K (2015) The role of cloud computing adoption in global business. In: Chang V, Walters R, Wills G (eds) Delivery and adoption of cloud computing services in contemporary organizations. Information Science Reference (IGI Global), Hershey
Kousiouris G, Vafiadis G, Corrales M (2013) A cloud provider description schema for meeting legal requirements in cloud federation scenarios. In: Douligeris et al (eds) Collaborative, trusted and privacy-aware e/m-services, 12th IFIP WG 6.11 conference on e-business, e-services, and e-society, I3E 2013, Athens, Greece, Proceedings. Springer, Heidelberg
Lahti A (2010) Globalization & the Nordic success model—Part I. Ventus Publishing ApS, Frederiksberg
Le Grand J, New B (2015) Government paternalism: nanny state or helpful friend?. Princeton University Press, Princeton
Lessig L (1999) Code, and other laws of cyberspace. Basic Books, New York
Lessig L (2006) Code, version 2.0. Basic Books, New York
Lightman A (2002) Brave new unwired world: the digital big bang and the infinite internet. Wiley, New York
Maclean A (2009) Autonomy, informed consent and medical law: a relational challenge. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Mainichi Japan (2015) Revised personal information protection law enacted. http://mainichi.jp/english/articles/20150904/p2a/00m/0na/012000c. Accessed 1 Sept 2016
Marinescu D (2013) Cloud computing: theory and practice. Morgan Kaufmann, Waltham
Merriam-Webster dictionary. http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/oxymoron. Accessed 1 Sept 2016
Metcalfe J (2013) Japan Railway Company apologizes for selling IC card data. The Wall Street Journal. http://blogs.wsj.com/japanrealtime/2013/07/29/japan-railway-company-apologizes-for-selling-ic-card-data/. Accessed 1 Sept 2016
Mill J (1859) On liberty. Oxford University Press, Oxford
Millham R (2012) Software asset re-use: migration of data-intensive legacy system to the cloud computing paradigm. In: Yang H, Liu X (eds) Software reuse in the emerging cloud computing era. Information Science Reference (IGI Global), Hershey
Minton E, Kahle L (2013) Belief systems, religion, and behavioral economics: marketing in multicultural environments. Business Expert Press, New York
Morris C (1992) The academic press dictionary of science and technology. Academic Press Inc. (Harcourt Brace Jovanovich Publishers), San Diego
Mosco V (2014) To the cloud: big data in a turbulent world. Routledge, New York
Mukherjee S, Loganathan S (2014) Role of broker in InterCloud environment. In: Mahmood Z (ed) Continued rise of the cloud: advances in trends in cloud computing. Springer, London
Muller H (2015) The big shift in IT leadership: how great CIOs leverage the power of technology for strategic business growth in the customer-centric economy. Wiley, Hoboken
Munro A (2009) Bounded rationality and public policy: a perspective from behavioral economics. The economics of non-market goods and resources, vol 12. Springer, Dordrecht
Murugesan S, Ananth A (2016) Cloud computing: an overview. In: Murugesan A, Bojanova I (eds) Encyclopedia of cloud computing. Wiley, Chichester
Newman A (2010) Not the first time the ‘dead-man’ switch did its job. http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/05/07/not-the-first-time-the-dead-man-switch-did-its-job/?_r=0. Accessed 1 Sept 2016
Nix D (2011) Why you should stop using the term ‘deadman’. http://machinerysafety101.com/2011/03/28/why-you-should-stop-using-the-term-deadman/. Accessed 1 Sept 2016
Nudges.org (2008) Another visual trick to nudge drivers to slow down. http://nudges.org/?s=lake+shore+drive. Accessed 1 Sept 2016
Online Etymology Dictionary. http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=eureka. Accessed 1 Sept 2016
Ostroff E (2011) Universal design: an evolving paradigm. In: Preiser W (ed) Universal design handbook: building accessible and inclusive environments, 2nd edn. Advisory Committee on Accessibility (ACA) Access Design Subcommittee, McGraw-Hill, New York
Oxford Dictionary. http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/es/definicion/ingles_americano/nudge. Accessed 1 Sept 2016
Parsons M, Colegate P (2015) 2015: the turning point for data privacy regulation in Asia? http://www.hldataprotection.com/2015/02/articles/international-eu-privacy/2015-the-turning-point-for-data-privacy-regulation-in-asia/. Accessed 1 Sept 2016
Penguin Group (2011) Book review—Nudge: improving decisions about health, wealth, and happiness (by Richard H. Thaler and Cass R. Sunstein). Health Policy Newsletter 24(2). http://jdc.jefferson.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1733&context=hpn. Accessed 1 Sept 2016
Perry D, Wolf A (1992) Foundations for the study of software architecture. Softw Eng Notes 17(4):40–52
Perry M (1988) Morality, Politics & Law. Oxford University Press, New York
Personal Information Protection Commission (2016). http://www.ppc.go.jp/en/. Accessed 1 Sept 2016
Pomerol JC (2012) Decision-making and action. Wiley, London
Prinz A (2013) Should the state care for the happiness of its citizens? In: Brockmann H, Delhey J (eds) Human happiness and the pursuit of maximization: is more always better?. Springer, Dordrecht
Quigley M, Stokes E (2015) Nudging and evidence-based policy in Europe: problems of normative legitimacy and effectiveness. In: Alemanno A, Sibony AL (eds) Nudge and the law: a European perspective, modern studies in European law. Hart Publishing, Oxford
Raisinghani M et al (2015) Cloud computing in the 21st century: a managerial perspective for policies and practices. In: Aljawarneh S (ed) Advanced research on cloud computing design and applications. Information Science Reference (IGI Global), Hershey
Ramanathan J, Rammath R, Desai A (2009) Adaptive IT architectures as a catalyst for network capability in government. In: Saha Pallab (ed) Advances in government enterprise architecture. Information Science Reference (IGI Global), Hershey
Reb J et al (2014) Performance appraisals as Heuristics judgments under uncertainty. In: Highhouse S, Dalal R, Salas E (eds) Judgment and decision making at work. The organizational frontiers series. Routledge, New York
Reidenberg J (1998) Lex informatica: the formulation of information policy rules through technology. Tex Law Rev 76(3):553–593
Riley J (2015) The right to liberty. In: Schefczyk M, Schramme T (eds) John Stuart Mill: über die Freiheit. Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin
Rinaldi G, Stella D (2016) Slalom: legal and open model terms for cloud SLAs and contracts, final version D 2.2. http://slalom-project.eu/sites/slalom/files/content-files/article/SLALOM%20D2%202%20%2814Apr2016%29_v1.2.pdf. Accessed 5 Jan 2017
Robson P, McCowan A (1998) Property law (Green’s Concise Scots Law), 2nd edn. Sweet & Maxwell, Edinburgh
Simon H (1955) A behavioral model of choice. Q J Econ 69(1):99–118
Simon H (1972) Theories of bounded rationality. In: McGuire C, Radner R (eds) Decision and organization (study in mathematics & managerial economics), 1st edn. North-Holland, Amsterdam
Simon H (1984) Models of bounded rationality: economic analysis and public policy, vol 1. The MIT Press, Cambridge
Simon H (1998) Rationality in Psychology and Economics. In: Katz A (ed) Foundations of the economic approach to law, interdisciplinary readers in law. Oxford University Press, Oxford
Simon H (1990) Invariants of human behavior. Annu Rev Psychol 41:1–20
Sommer J (2009) When humans need a nudge toward rationality. The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/08/business/08nudge.html?_r=0. Accessed 1 Sept 2016
Srinivasan S (2014) Cloud computing basics. Springer, New York
Stanovich K, West R (2000) Individual difference in reasoning: implications for debate? Behav Brain Sci 23(5):645–665
Stanovich K (2010) Rationality and the reflective mind, 1st edn. Oxford University Press, Oxford
Sunstein C (ed) (2000) Behavioral law & economics. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Sunstein C (2013a) Deciding by default. Univ Pa Law Rev 162(1):1–57
Sunstein C (2013b) Why paternalism is your friend. New Republic. http://www.newrepublic.com/article/112817/cass-sunstein-simpler-book-excerpt-why-paternalism-your-friend. Accessed 1 Sept 2016
Sunstein C (2013c) Simpler: the future of government. Simon & Schuster, New York
Sunstein C (2014) Why nudge? The politics of libertarian paternalism. Yale University Press, New Haven
Sunstein C (2015) Choose not to choose: understanding the value of choice. Oxford University Press, Oxford
Tanner M (2007) Leviathan on the right: how big-government conservatism brought down the republican revolution. Cato Institute, Washington
Thaler R, Sunstein C (2003) Libertarian paternalism is not an oxymoron, University of Chicago Public Law & Legal Theory, working paper no. 43. http://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1184&context=public_law_and_legal_theory. Accessed 1 Sept 2016
Thaler R (2009) Opting in vs. opting out. The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/27/business/economy/27view.html?_r=0. Accessed 1 Sept 2016
Thaler R, Sunstein C (2009) Nudge: improving decisions about health, wealth, and happiness. Penguin Group, New York
Thaler R, Sunstein C, Balz J (2010) Choice architectures. http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1583509. Accessed 1 Sept 2016
Thaler R, Sunstein C, Balz (2013) Choice architecture. In: Shafir E (ed) The behavioral foundations of public policy. Princeton University Press, Princeton
The Economist (2006) The perils of prosperity: can you be too rich? http://www.economist.com/node/6849948. Accessed 1 Sept 2016
The Japan Times (2013) JR sells commuters’ data. http://www.japantimes.co.jp/opinion/2013/08/03/editorials/jr-sells-commuters-data/#.V4L37Ev9opE. Accessed 1 Sept 2016
Utts J (2014) Seeing through statistics, 4th edn. Cengage Learning, Stamford
Vafiadis G, Kousiouris G, Nair S (2012) Data Manager (DM) user guide, OPTIMIS project. http://optimis-project.eu/sites/default/files/content-files/page/datamanageruserguide.pdf. Accessed 1 Sept 2016
Van Aaken A (2015) Judge the nudge: In Search of the legal limits of paternalistic nudging in the EU. In: Alemanno A, Sibony AL (eds) Nudge and the law: a European perspective. Hart Publishing, Oxford
Van Schewick B (2010) Internet architecture and innovation. The MIT Press, Cambridge
Veatch R (1997) Medical ethics, 2nd edn. Jones and Bartlett, Boston
Viale R (2012) Methodological cognitivism, vol 1: mind, rationality, and society. Springer, Berlin
Wallace D (2008) Plain old untrendy troubles and emotions. The Guardian. http://www.theguardian.com/books/2008/sep/20/fiction. Accessed 1 Sept 2016
White M (2013) The manipulation of choice: ethics and libertarian paternalism. Palgrave Macmillan, New York
White M (2016) The crucial importance of interests in libertarian paternalism. In: Mathis K, Tor A (eds) Nudging—possibilities, limitations and applications in European law and economics. Springer, Cham
Willis O (2015) Behavioral economics for better decisions, ABC.net. http://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/allinthemind/better-life-decisions-with-behavioural-economics/6798918. Thaler. Accessed 1 Sept 2016
Winston & Strown LLP (2015) Japan updates privacy law. http://www.winston.com/en/privacy-law-corner/japan-updates-privacy-law.html. Accessed 1 Sept 2016
Wright O (2014) The nudge team started out as a sort of mission impossible: how the government’s successful behavior insights team has had a profound effect on Whitehall. Independent. http://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/the-nudge-team-started-outas-a-sort-of-mission-impossible-how-the-governments-successful-behaviour-insights-team-has-had-a-profound-effect-on-whitehall-9117793.html. Accessed 1 Sept 2016
World Development Bank Report (2015) Mind, science and behavior. http://www.worldbank.org/content/dam/Worldbank/Publications/WDR/WDR%202015/WDR-2015-Full-Report.pdf. Accessed 1 Sept 2016
XML Description Schema Improvement. http://www.optimis-project.eu/content/xml-description-schema-improvement. Accessed 1 Sept 2016
Zeiler K, Teitelbaum J (eds) (2015) Research handbook on behavioral law and economics. Edward Elgar Publishing, Northampton
Acknowledgements
In developing the concepts described in this chapter, we had the opportunity to learn from many people. We would like to thank Prof. Toshiyuki Kono, Prof. Shinto Teramoto, Prof. Mark Fenwick, Paulius Jurčys and Rodrigo Afara. This chapter was partially funded by the Monbukagakusho-MEXT Japanese government scholarship program and the Optimized Infrastructure Framework (OPTIMIS) EU funded project within the 7th Framework Program under contract ICT-257115.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2017 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Corrales, M., Kousiouris, G. (2017). Nudging Cloud Providers: Improving Cloud Architectures Through Intermediary Services. In: Corrales, M., Fenwick, M., Forgó, N. (eds) New Technology, Big Data and the Law. Perspectives in Law, Business and Innovation. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-5038-1_7
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-5038-1_7
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-10-5037-4
Online ISBN: 978-981-10-5038-1
eBook Packages: Law and CriminologyLaw and Criminology (R0)