Skip to main content

General Introduction

  • Chapter
  • First Online:

Part of the book series: Green Energy and Technology ((GREEN))

Abstract

Potable water or drinking water is essential for all living organisms to survive on the Earth. Today, with the rapid growth in population and a decrement in limited water resources, the lack of potable water is the most frightening problem facing humankind. The Sun is the brightest and most ample energy resource available in the universe. Solar energy, or sunlight, acts as a driving force to accelerate life on Earth. For proper utilization of solar energy, it is essential to understand the basic science of solar energy. The main focus of the first chapter is to highlight some essential features of potable or drinking water such as the importance of water, water crisis, water pollution, and various simple and advanced techniques for water purification. Among all, we concentrate on explaining the basic theory and concept of solar-distillation systems for water purification.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   79.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   99.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   99.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  1. R.P. Schwarzenbach, T. Egli, T.B. Hofstetter, U.V. Gunteen, B. Wehrli, Global water pollution and human health. Annu. Rev. Environ. Resour 35, 109–136 (2010)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. DESWARE, in Encyclopedia of Desalination and Water Resources. Retrieved from, http://www.desware.net

  3. A UN Water analytic Brief. in Wastewater Management. Retrieved from, http://www.unwater.org

  4. W.J. Cosgrove, F.R. Rijsberman, in World Water Vision. Making Water Everybody’s Business (World Water Council, London, 2000)

    Google Scholar 

  5. World Health Organ. (WHO)/UN Child. Fund (UNICEF). in Progress on Drinking-Water and Sanitation: Special Focus on Sanitation (WHO/UNICEF, Geneva, Swaziland/New York, 2008), p. 58

    Google Scholar 

  6. World Health Organization (WHO)/UN Child. Fund (UNICEF), in Meeting the MDG Drinking Water and Sanitation Target: The Urban and Rural Challenge of the Decade (WHO/UNICEF, Geneva, Swaziland/New York, 2006)

    Google Scholar 

  7. The United Nations and World Water Development, in Managing Water under Uncertainty and Risk. Report 4, 1 (2012)

    Google Scholar 

  8. I. Ashmad, S.M.K. Hameed, Solar sterilization of water. Renew. Energy 12, 321 (1997)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. C. Woodford, in Water Pollution: an Introduction. Retrieved from http://www.explainthatstuff.com

  10. United States Environmental Protection Agency, in The Facts about Nutrient Pollution. Retrieved from http://midwestadvocates.org

  11. K. Kummere, in Pharmaceuticals in Environment; with Sources, Fate, Effects, and Risks, 2nd edn. (Springer publication, 2004)

    Google Scholar 

  12. International Atomic Agency, in Disposal of Radioactive Wastes. Specific Safety Requirements SSR No. 5, (2011). Retrieved from http://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publications

  13. A. Fenwick, Waterborne infectious diseases- could they be consigned to history? Science 313, 1077–1081 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. G.N. Tiwari, A.K. Tiwari, in Solar Distillation Practice for Water Desalination Systems (Anamaya Publishers, 2008)

    Google Scholar 

  15. M.A.S. Malik, G.N. Tiwari, A. Kumar, M.S. Sodha, Solar Distillation (Pergamon Press, Oxford, UK, 1982)

    Google Scholar 

  16. USGS-Science for a changing world, Retrieved from http://water.usgs.gov

  17. S. K. Sharma, R. Sanghi, in Advances in Water Treatment and Pollution Prevention (Springer publication, 2012)

    Google Scholar 

  18. T. Younos, K.E. Tulou, Overview of desalination techniques. Universities council on water resources. J. Contemp. Water Res. Edu. 132, 3 (2005)

    Google Scholar 

  19. Z. Lu, L. Xu, Freezing desalination process. J. Therm. Desalin. Process 2, 275 (2010)

    Google Scholar 

  20. G.D. Yogi, S. Al-Kharabsheh, Experimental study of an innovative solar water desalination system using a passive vacuum technique. Sol. Energy 75, 395 (2003)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. V. Ryan, in World Association of Technology Teachers (2001–2009). Water Purification and Simple Technology. Retrieved from www.technologystudent.com

  22. M.M. Naima, M.A.A. El- Kawi, in Non-conventional Solar Stills with Charcoal Particles as Absorber Medium. J. Desalin. 153, 55 (2002a)

    Google Scholar 

  23. T. Oki, S. Kanae, Global hydrological cycles and world water resources. Science 313, 1068–1072 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. P.I. Cooper, The absorption of solar energy radiation in solar stills. Sol. Energy 12, 333 (1969)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. K.V. Baibut aev, B.M. Achilov, G. Kamaeva, in Effect of Salt Concentration on Evaporation Process in Solar Stills. Geliotekhnika 6, 83 (1970)

    Google Scholar 

  26. J.W. Bloemer, J.R. Irwin, J.A. Eibling, G.O.G. Lof, A practical basin type solar still. J. Solar Energy 9, 197 (1965)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. S.D. Gomkale, Solar distillation as a means to provide Indian villages with drinking water. J. Desalin 69, 171 (1988)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. A. Hanson, W. Zachritz, K. Stevens, L. Mimbela, R. Polka, L. Cisneros, Distillate water quality of a single-basin solar still: laboratory and field studies. Sol. Energy 76, 635 (2004)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. A. Delyannis, E. Delyannis, in Solar Distillation Plant of High Capacity. Proceedings of 4th International Symposium on Fresh Water from Sea, vol. 4 (1973), p. 487

    Google Scholar 

  30. A. Delyannis, E. Delyannis, Recent solar distillation development. J. Desalin 45, 361 (1983)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. E. Delyannis, Status of solar assisted desalination: a review. Desalination 67, 3 (1987)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. E. Delyannis, Historical background of desalination and renewable energies. J. Solar Energy 5, 357 (2003)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. P.I. Cooper, in Solar Distillation: State of Art and Future Prospects. Solar Energy and Arab World, Proceedings of 1st Arab International Solar Energy Conference, Kuwait (1983), p. 311

    Google Scholar 

  34. T.A. Lawand, H. Boutiere, in Solar Distillation, Its Application in Arid Zone. Proceedings of the First Water Symposium on Arid Zone, Mexico (1970)

    Google Scholar 

  35. G. Nebbia, G. Mennozi, in A Short History of Water Desalination. Acque Dolce Dal Mare, II Inchiesta Internazionole, Proceedings of Int. Symposium, Milano (1966), p. 129

    Google Scholar 

  36. A. Mouchot, in La Chaleur Solavie et ses Applications Industrielles Gauthier- Villars, Paris (1869), p. 1

    Google Scholar 

  37. G.B.D. Porta, in Magiae naturalis libri XX, Napoli (1589)

    Google Scholar 

  38. C.G. Abbot. in Smithsonian Inst. Ser., 2, U.S. Patent No. 2, vol. 141 (1938), p. 330

    Google Scholar 

  39. M. Telkes, in Solar Distiller for Life Rafts. United States Office of Science, R&D, Report No. 5225, P.B. 21120 (1945)

    Google Scholar 

  40. E.D. Howe, Solar Distillation Research at the University of California. U.N. Conference on New Source of Energy, Rome (1961), p. 1

    Google Scholar 

  41. A.A. Delyannis, Solar stills provide an Island’s inhabitants with water. Sun at Work 10, 6 (1965)

    Google Scholar 

  42. A. Delyannis, E. Piperoglou, The patmos solar distillation plant: technical note. J. Solar Energy 12, 113 (1968)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. F. Oltra, in Saline Water Conversion and Its Stage of Development in Spain (Publication of J.E.M., Madrid, 1972)

    Google Scholar 

  44. Bartali, in Chimney and Heated Head Solar Still, Heliotechnique and Development 11, p. 431 (1976)

    Google Scholar 

  45. E.D. Howe, in Solar Distillation Research at the University of California. U.N. Conference on New Source of Energy, Rome, p. 1. References 259 (1961)

    Google Scholar 

  46. R.A. Akhtamov, Study of regenerative inclined-stepped solar still. Geliotekhnika 14, 51 (1978)

    Google Scholar 

  47. G. Frick, J.V. Sommerfeld, Solar stills of inclined evaporating cloth. J. Solar Energy 14, 427 (1973)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  48. M.S. Sodha, J.K. Nayak, G.N. Tiwari, A. Kumar, in Double basin solar still. J. Energy Convers. 20, 23 (1980b)

    Google Scholar 

  49. S.M.A. Moustafa, Brusewitz, Direct use of solar energy for water desalination. Sol. Energy 22, 141 (1979)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  50. EZh Norov, Results of tests on solar film-covered stills. Geliotekhnika 11, 130 (1975)

    Google Scholar 

  51. M.K. Selcuk, in Analysis, Design and Performance Evaluation of Controlled Environment Greenhouse. Trans ASHRAE, No. 2172 (1971)

    Google Scholar 

  52. M.A.S. Malik, V.V. Tran, A simplified mathematical model for predicting the nocturnal output of a solar still. Sol. Energy 14, 371 (1973)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  53. S.A. Lawrence, G.N. Tiwari, Parametric studies of various solar still under PNG climatic conditions. Int. J. Solar Energy 7, 215 (1989)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  54. B.M. Mishra, H.K. Sadhukhan, in Desalination and water reuse in india-an overview. History Development and Management of Water Resources, 2, BARC, India

    Google Scholar 

  55. M.S. Sodha, A. Kumar, G.N. Tiwari, R.C. Tyagi, Simple multiple-wick solar still: analysis and performance. J. Solar Energy 26, 127 (1981)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  56. G.N. Tiwari, S.A. Lawrence, Experimental evaluation of solar distiller units with FRP lining under PNG climatic conditions. Int. J. Solar Energy 9, 241 (1991)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  57. G.N. Tiwari, in Recent Advances in Solar Distillation. Chapter II, Contemporary Physics: Solar Energy and Energy Conversion (Wiley Eastern Ltd., New Delhi, India, 1992)

    Google Scholar 

  58. T.A. Lawand, E. Alward, in A Community Solar Still in Haiti. Intersol-85, 2, 1346 (1985)

    Google Scholar 

  59. A.I. Kudish, J. Gale, M. Zarmi, A Low Cost Design Solar Desalination Unit. Energy Conversion and Management 22, 269 (1982)

    Google Scholar 

  60. J. Fernandez, N. Chargoy, Multistage, indirectly Heated Solar Still. J. Solar Energy 44, 215 (1990)

    Google Scholar 

  61. A.A. Madani, G.M. Zaki, Performance of Solar Still with Intermittent Flow of West Hot Water in the Basin. Desalination 73, 167 (1989)

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2017 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Tiwari, G.N., Sahota, L. (2017). General Introduction. In: Advanced Solar-Distillation Systems. Green Energy and Technology. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-4672-8_1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-4672-8_1

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore

  • Print ISBN: 978-981-10-4671-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-981-10-4672-8

  • eBook Packages: EnergyEnergy (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics