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How Do Mineral Deposits Form and Transform? A Systematic Approach

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Minerals and Allied Natural Resources and their Sustainable Development

Part of the book series: Springer Geology ((SPRINGERGEOL))

Abstract

Formation and transformation of mineral deposits are interactions of geospheres , one including the atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, lithosphere, and asthenosphere and the other involving the mantle and the core of the earth. Complex chemical and thermal interactions between these two geospheres have led to distribution and concentration of elements and even, later modifications, producing the mineral or ore deposits of today. The essential processes involve magmatism, hydrothermal, and sedimentary processes with a strong impact of tectonism and in places, of weathering and erosion. The genetic processes vary in details. The principal ones are outlined below with the principal products in parentheses: (1) Essentially magmatic processes (Ni, Cu, PGE Cr, Fe–Ti); (2) Pegmatitic processes (rare metals, ceramic, and radioactive elements); (3) Essentially magmatic hydrothermal processes (Sn, W, U, Cu, Mo, REE ); (4) Essentially amagmatic hydrothermal processes (Cu, Pb–Zn, Au, U); (5) Sedimentary (-diagenetic) processes (Fe, Mn, U, Sn, Ti, monazite, phosphorite, carbonate rocks, rock salt gypsum); (6) Lateritic and non-lateritic residual processes (Fe, Mn, Al, Ni, and clays); (7) Supergene oxidation and enrichment (Cu, Ag, Au, U); (8) Biogeochemical degradation of biomass (peat-lignite-coal, natural gas, and oil).

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Paragenetic association: a set of genetically related minerals.

    Paragenetic sequence in a mineral association connotes sequence of mineral deposition in an association of minerals, where the constituent phases bear evidence of being genetically related.

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  1. Department of Geology, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India

    Mihir Deb

  2. Department of Geological Sciences, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, West Bengal, India

    Sanjib Chandra Sarkar

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Deb, M., Sarkar, S.C. (2017). How Do Mineral Deposits Form and Transform? A Systematic Approach. In: Minerals and Allied Natural Resources and their Sustainable Development. Springer Geology. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-4564-6_2

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