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Novel Neurostimulation Therapeutic Approaches for Treatment-Resistant Psychiatric Disorders

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Treatment Resistance in Psychiatry

Abstract

Direct electrical alteration of brain circuitry—neuromodulation—is the oldest somatic treatment still used in psychiatry since the arrival of ECT in 1938. This chapter reviews the expansive literature on neuromodulatory strategies that are either clinically available (ECT, rTMS, VNS) or under investigation (TNS, tDCS, DBS) for the treatment of psychiatric disorders refractory to standard (psychotherapy or pharmacotherapy) treatments. Rather than attempt a full review of each modality, this chapter will focus on the current (September 2017) state of knowledge on how each modality may contribute to relieving the tremendous suffering of individuals afflicted with refractory psychiatric conditions and what the future may hold. In particular, this section will address treatment-refractory addiction, anxiety disorders, bipolar disorder, depression, OCD, PTSD, and schizophrenia but, because of space limitations, will exclude cognitive, eating, or developmental disorders even though neuromodulation has been tried experimentally for these other conditions.

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Abbreviations

BD:

Bipolar disorder

BDI:

Beck depression inventory [1]

CAPS:

Clinician administered posttraumatic stress disorder rating scale [2]

CBT:

Cognitive-behavioral therapy

CGI:

Clinical global impressions [3]

DLPFC:

Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

HDRS:

Hamilton depression rating scale [4]

MADRS:

Montgomery-Asberg depression rating scale [5]

NAc:

Nucleus accumbens

OCD:

Obsessive-compulsive disorder

OFC:

Orbitofrontal cortex

PTSD:

Post-traumatic stress disorder

SCG:

Subgenual cingulate gyrus

SZP:

Schizophrenia

TRD:

Treatment-resistant depression

vALIC:

Ventral anterior limb of the internal capsule

VC/VS:

Ventral internal capsule/ventral striatum

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Mood Disorders Clinic, Sepulveda Amublatory Care Center, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA

    Ralph J. Koek, Janine Roach, Nicholas Athanasiou & Arkady Korotinsky

  2. Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA

    Ralph J. Koek, Janine Roach, Nicholas Athanasiou & Arkady Korotinsky

  3. Department of Psychiatry, Olive View-UCLA Medical Center, Sylmar, CA, USA

    Janine Roach

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    Yong-Ku Kim

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Koek, R.J., Roach, J., Athanasiou, N., Korotinsky, A. (2019). Novel Neurostimulation Therapeutic Approaches for Treatment-Resistant Psychiatric Disorders. In: Kim, YK. (eds) Treatment Resistance in Psychiatry. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-4358-1_22

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