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Acute and Chronic Response to Exercise in Athletes: The “Supernormal Heart”

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Book cover Exercise for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention and Treatment

Part of the book series: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology ((AEMB,volume 999))

Abstract

During last decades, most studies have examined the exercise-induced remodeling defined as “athlete’s heart”. During exercise, there is an increased cardiac output that causes morphological, functional, and electrical modification of the cardiac chambers. The cardiac remodeling depends also on the type of training, age, sex, ethnicity, genetic factors, and body size. The two main categories of exercise, endurance and strength, determine different effects on the cardiac remodeling. Even if most sport comprise both strength and endurance exercise, determining different scenarios of cardiac adaptation to the exercise. The aim of this paper is to assemble the current knowledge about physiologic and pathophysiologic response of both the left and the right heart in highly trained athletes.

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Abbreviations

MET:

metabolic exercise training

LV:

left ventricle

RV:

right ventricle

LA:

left atrium

RA:

right atrium

AoR:

aortic root

ECG:

electrocardiography

HCM:

hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

DCM:

dilated cardiomyopathy

ARVC:

arrhytmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy

TDI:

tissue Doppler imaging

RBBB:

right bundle branch block

TAPSE:

tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion

PASP:

pulmonary arterial systolic pressure

CMR:

cardiac magnetic resonance

PTAC:

pulmonary transit of agitated contrast

BSA:

body surface area

LAVI:

left atrial volume indexed

TNF-α:

tumor necrosis factor-α

STE:

speckle tracking echocardiography

BAV:

bicuspid aortic valve

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Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Luigi Vanvitelli, University of Naples Monaldi Hospital, AORN Ospedali dei Colli, Corso Vittorio Emanuele 121, 80121, Naples, Italy

    Antonello D’Andrea, Tiziana Formisano, Lucia Riegler, Raffaella Scarafile, Raffaella America, Francesca Martone, Marco di Maio, Maria Giovanna Russo & Raffaele Calabrò

  2. Department of Cardiology and Cardiac Surgery, University Hospital San Giovanni di Dio, Salern, Italy

    Eduardo Bossone

  3. Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Federico II University Hospital, Naples, Italy

    Maurizio Galderisi

Authors
  1. Antonello D’Andrea
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  2. Tiziana Formisano
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  3. Lucia Riegler
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Correspondence to Antonello D’Andrea .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Cardiac Regeneration and Ageing Lab, School of Life Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China

    Junjie Xiao

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D’Andrea, A. et al. (2017). Acute and Chronic Response to Exercise in Athletes: The “Supernormal Heart”. In: Xiao, J. (eds) Exercise for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention and Treatment. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol 999. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-4307-9_2

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