Abstract
This chapter provides a background discussion of the intellectual movement of governance. Quan argues that contextual factors have played a significant role in the rise and spread of governance ideas in transitional China. Specifically, the institutional context focuses on policy shifts of the party-state along the neoliberal line, and the intellectual context emphasizes the political discourses (social harmony and modernization of state governance) in which the idea of governance prevails. He seeks to explain: What characterizes transitional China as a neoliberal regime? What are the dynamics of its ideological manifestations? Why were governance ideas promoted as an integral part of the political project of neoliberalism? What was the central problem of governance for its proponents? Moreover, what was the political-intellectual atmosphere of the increasing interest in governance issues? Finally and most importantly, why is the idea of governance so essential to the neoliberal imperative in China? These answers are crucial to understanding the rationale of governance ideas in context.
When calamity comes, the wicked are brought down,
But even in death the righteous seek refuge in God.
Rich and poor have this in common:
The Lord is the Maker of them all.
Proverbs 14:32; 22:2
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Notes
- 1.
For more teaching on righteousness, see Solomon’s Proverbs in the Old Testament. The First Book of Kings also documents the reign of King Solomon and the major events related to his teachings. For an excellent political analysis of the concept of righteousness in the Old Testament see O’Donovan (1999).
- 2.
For example, Brenner and Theodore (2002) urge the need to distinguish the ideological and practical aspects of neoliberalism. They advocate for a focus on the second aspect as “actually existing neoliberalism.” Harvey’s analytical agenda of neoliberalism shares this general direction and is more suitable for understanding the complicated relationship between the two aspects. Larner (2000) also provides a useful conceptualization of neoliberalism in terms of policy, ideology, and governmentality. She reminds us that characterizing neoliberalism as either a policy framework or a class-based ideology runs the risk of underestimating the significance of contemporary transformation in governance. In this respect, neoliberalism can be adequately defined only as a political discourse about the nature of rule and a set of strategies that facilitate the governing of individuals from a distance. This orientation is very close to that of Hall (1988), Osborne, Rose and Barry (1996), and Ong (2007).
- 3.
Steger and Roy call the concrete set of policy package of neoliberalism the “D-L-P Formula”: (1) deregulation (of economy); (2) liberalization (of trade and industry); (3) privatization (of state-owned enterprises). Relevant policy measures include massive tax cuts, reduction of social services and welfare programs, replacing welfare with “workfare,” use of interest rates by an independent central bank to keep inflation in check, tax havens for domestic and foreign corporations willing to invest in designated economic zones, anti-union drives, removal of controls on global trade and financial flows, the creation of new political institutions and think tanks designed to reproduce the neoliberal paradigm, and so forth. See Steger and Roy (2010, p. 15) for the detailed list. Also compare to the measures of accumulation by dispossession summarized by Harvey (2007, pp. 34–35): (1) the commodification and privatization of land and the forceful expulsion of peasant populations; (2) conversion of various forms of property rights (common, collective, state, etc.) into exclusively private property rights; (3) suppression of the rights to the commons; (4) commodification of labor power and the suppression of alternative forms of production and consumption; (5) colonial, neo-colonial, and imperial processes of appropriation of assets; (6) monetization of exchange and taxation, particularly of land; (7) the slave trade (which continues, particularly in the sex industry); (8) usury, the national debt, and, most devastating of all, the use of the credit system as radical means of primitive accumulation.
- 4.
- 5.
Refer to the second section of Chapter 1, especially the market-centered approach.
- 6.
See in particular the charts in Chapters 1 and 6 in Harvey (2005). Also see Duménil and Lévy (2004). See also a recent critical review of the neoliberal policy agenda by three IMF economists (Ostry et al. 2016).
- 7.
See Harvey (2005), especially Chapter 6.
- 8.
See also Peck and Tickell (1994).
- 9.
For a critical comment on this two-stage typology, see Wu (2010).
- 10.
It is important to note that this tension of the two orientations should not be exaggerated. As we have shown, Harvey’s characterization of neoliberalism indicates, although implicitly, a dynamic of the neoliberal order. Also, the two-stage conceptualization of neoliberalism by Peck and Tickell relies on their identification of the structural elements of each stage.
- 11.
- 12.
- 13.
- 14.
See Harvey (1989) for more details of the post-war accumulation strategy and its eventual exhaustion along with the 1970s crisis and following recession.
- 15.
The investigation team to Japan was led by Deng Liqun; it concluded that the Japanese model had certain values but should not be followed. The primary reason for the CCP’s caution was that Japan was a capitalist country supported and disciplined by the United States. See Ding (2014) for details.
- 16.
The communiqué of the conference is available at http://CCP.people.com.cn/GB/64162/64168/64563/65371/4441902.html, accessed on June 7, 2016. The English versions of some key texts can be found in Debary and Lufrano (2010, pp. 488–490).
- 17.
See interviews of Deng’s companions during the visit in the documentary China’s Capitalist Revolution (2009).
- 18.
Refer to the minutes of their talk in Freedman (1991, pp. 125–136).
- 19.
- 20.
- 21.
In addition to education, other main types of administrative decentralization in the 1980s included: (1) partial managerial power of the central government such as planning and temporary investment in real estate; (2) decentralized management of public enterprises, especially less profitable ones. See Yang (2008: 4–16).
- 22.
The full content of Deng’s speech on “Upholding the Four Basic Principles” is available at http://www.people.com.cn/GB/channel1/10/20000529/80791.html, accessed on April 16, 2016. The English translation can be found in De Bary and Richard (2010, p. 492).
- 23.
See also Andreas (2008).
- 24.
For a more comprehensive comparison of the internal dynamics between the protestors and party leadership during the movement, see Zou (2012, pp. 159–236).
- 25.
For the full text of Deng’s speech see http://finance.ifeng.com/opinion/zjgc/20111231/5390024.shtml, accessed on April 20, 2016. The significance of Deng’s South tour for the subsequent reforms has been extensively discussed in the last two decades. For a recent critical work on this topic, see Vogel (2011).
- 26.
The speech is available at http://dangjian.people.com.cn/n/2013/0402/c117092-21005106.html, accessed on May 4, 2016.
- 27.
For a critical review of their book, see Hung (2011).
- 28.
- 29.
- 30.
See Chen (2016) for details.
- 31.
- 32.
- 33.
See the official record at the People’s Forum: http://people.com.cn/GB/paper85/5062/538037.html, accessed on May 10, 2016. The calculation is based on the exchange rate in 1998.
- 34.
A recent list of the Fortune Global 500 is available at http://fortune.com/2015/07/22/china-global-500-government-owned/, accessed on June 30, 2016.
- 35.
- 36.
A common mistake made by analysts in their policy evaluation is that they see the policy plan as equal to the policy implementation. According to official data, the state planned to spend 400 billion to stimulate the economy. But only slightly more than one-fourth of this amount was spent in the subsequent two years. The official report is available at http://www.gov.cn/2013zfbgjjd/content_2365252.htm, accessed on July 6, 2016. The calculation is based on the exchange rate in 2008.
- 37.
See the “Decision on Major Issues Concerning Comprehensive and Far-Reaching Reforms” on the Third Plenary Session of the Eighteenth CCP Central Committee in November 2013. The full text is available at http://news.xinhuanet.com/politics/2013-11/15/c_118164235.htm, accessed on June 7, 2016.
- 38.
For instance, see the Korean KBS documentary Super China (2015).
- 39.
- 40.
- 41.
According to the official statistical indicators set by the Chinese government, it also includes public spending on culture, sports, science, and technology.
- 42.
- 43.
- 44.
According to a World Bank Report, despite lower health quality in China’s poorer rural communities, per capita government allocations increasingly favor wealthier areas, and better-quality health services are increasingly centralized in urban areas. The risk of financial catastrophe due to ill health remains much higher for rural residents, though it is also increasing for urban residents. This risk is not being reduced by the new health insurance programs, which provide only a low level of benefit for members. See Brixi, Mu et.al (2011).
- 45.
See, for example, a recent critical newspaper article, Von Sebastian Heilmann, “Schubumkehr in China: Schließung nach innen, Expansion nach außen,” Süddeutsche Zeitung, 3 March 2015.
- 46.
The key values of a harmonious society include democracy, the rule of law, equity, justice, sincerity, brotherliness, stability, order, and harmonious relations between nature and human kind. For the full text, see Hu Jintao, “Speech on the Workshop of Enhancing Socialist Harmonious Society for Provincial/Ministerial Leaders (19 February 2005).” See Central Party Literature Research Center (2006, pp. 706–707).
- 47.
Hu’s 2005 speech devoted one whole section to articulate the historical development of social harmony in socialist classical literature and political practices. This selective version of the socialist tradition, including the works of early French imaginary socialists, Marx and Engels, Lenin, and the first three generations of the CCP’s leaders, has been interpreted as a constant endeavor towards a harmonious society.
- 48.
See “Party Resolution on some significant issues of Building Harmonious Society (October 2006),” in Central Party Literature Research Center (2008, pp. 648–650).
- 49.
The overall project covers a broad range of topics: how to mobilize grassroots autonomous groups, occupational associations, and other kinds of civil organizations to engage in social service; how to improve the regulations of social governance; how to maintain social equity and social justice in practice; and how to enforce moral education and create harmonious interpersonal relationships. See Central Party Literature Research Center (2006, pp. 718–719) for details.
- 50.
The project was initiated in 2004 by the central committee of the CCP. It included five essential tasks: (1) enforcing the theoretical and significant practical study of the contextualization of Marxism; (2) promoting the translation, editing, and relevant study of the Marxist classics; (3) establishing Marxist fundamental theories and the system of Marxist philosophy and social sciences; (4) composing textbooks representing the newest achievements of contemporary Chinese Marxist study in the major disciplines such as philosophy, political economy, scientific socialism, politics, sociology, law, history, news & media, and literature; (5) building a mixed research team (elderly, middle-aged, and young scholars) for the study of Marxist theory and education. On the national level, 24 major research groups and research bases were founded and assigned specific research themes. A detailed description of this project and a report on its progress are available at http://yyf.wenming.cn/mkszy/2009-08/06/content_38390.htm, accessed on October 10, 2015.
- 51.
The full content of the decision is available at http://www.china.org.cn/chinese/2014-01/17/content_31226494.htm, slightly changed. Yu Keping offers an interpretation of the decision widely cited by the government and academics. His article is available at http://theory.people.com.cn/n/2014/0608/c40531-25118749.html, accessed on December 15, 2015.
- 52.
The Four Modernizations were national goals first formally articulated by Zhou Enlai in 1963, to strengthen the fields of agriculture, industry, national defense, and science and technology in China.
- 53.
See also his interview with New York Times: http://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/31/world/asia/china-future-david-shambaugh.html?_r=0, accessed on June 8, 2016.
Bibliography
Andreas, Joel. 2008. “Changing Colours in China.” New Left Review 54: 123–142.
Andreas, Joel. 2010. “A Shanghai Model? On Capitalism with Chinese Characteristics.” New Left Review 65: 63–85.
Arrighi, Giovanni. 1994. The Long Twentieth Century: Money, Power, and the Origins of Our Times. New York: Verso.
Barry, Andrew, Thomas Osborne, and Rose. Nikolas eds. 1996. Foucault and Political Reason: Liberalism, Neo-liberalism, and Rationalities of Government. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Brenner, Neil, and Nik Theodore 2002. “Cities and the Geographies of ‘Actually Existing Neoliberalism’.” Antipode 34(3): 349–379.
Brixi, Hana, Mu Yan, Beatrice Targa, and David Hipgrave. 2011. “Equity and Public Governance in Health System Reform: Challenges and Opportunities for China.” World Bank Policy Research Working Paper Series.
Central Party Literature Research Center. 2006. Shiliuda Yilai Zhongyao Wenxian Xuanbian (Zhong) [Selected Important Documents since the Sixteenth Congress of the Chinese Communist Party Vol. 2]. Beijing: Central Literary Contributions Publishing Bureau.
Central Party Literature Research Center. 2008. Shiliuda Yilai Zhongyao Wenxian Xuanbian (Xia) [Selected Important Documents since the Sixteenth Congress of the Chinese Communist Party Vol. 3]. Beijing: Central Literary Contributions Publishing Bureau.
Chan, Chak Kwan, Kinglun Ngok, and David Philips 2008. Social Policy in China: Development and Wellbeing. Bristol: Policy Press.
Chen, An. 2003. “Rising-Class Politics and Its Impact on China’s Path to Democracy.” Democratization 10(2): 141–162.
Chen, Nie. 2016. “China’s Housing Policy: Reforms and Impact.” In China’s Social Policy: Transformation and Challenges, edited by Ngok Kinglun, London; New York: Routledge.
Coldstream, Rob. 2009. China’s Capitalist Revolution. Brook Lapping Productions.
De Bary, William, and Richard Lufrano. Eds. 2010. Sources of Chinese Tradition: From 1600 Through the Twentieth Century (Vol. 2). New York: Columbia University Press.
Department of Social Security of Ministry of Finance. 2007. “Shehui Baozhang Zhichu Shuipingde Guoji Bijiao [An International Comparison of Social Security Expenditure].” Public Finance Research 10: 36–42
Dickson, Bruce. 2003. Red Capitalists in China: The Party, Private Entrepreneurs, and Prospects for Political Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Dickson, Bruce. 2008. Wealth into Power: The Communist Party’s Embrace of China’s Private Sector. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Ding, Xueliang 2014. Zhongguo Moshi: Zanchengyu Fandui [The China Model: Agreement and Disagreement]. Hong Kong: Oxford University Press.
Doyal, Len, and Ian Gough 1991. A Theory of Human Need. London: Macmillan.
Duménil, Gérard, and Lévy. Dominique 2004. Capital Resurgent: Roots of the Neoliberal Revolution. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Friedman, Milton 1991. Folimin Zaizhongguo [Friedman in China]. Hong Kong: Chinese University Press.
Gill, Stephen. 2002. “Globalization, Market Civilization and Disciplinary Neoliberalism.” In The Globalization of Liberalism, edited by Eivind Hovden and Eivind Keene, UK: Palgrave Macmillan.
Goodman, David. 1996. “The People’s Republic of China: The Party-State, Capitalist Revolution and New Entrepreneurs.” In The new rich in Asia: Mobile phones, McDonalds and middle-class revolution, edited by. Richard Robinson, London: Routledge.
Goodman, David, and Zang Xiaowei 2008. “The New Rich in China: The Dimensions of Social Change.” In The New Rich in China: Future Rulers, Present Lives, edited by David Goodman, London; New York: Routledge.
Graham, Carol. 1997. “From Safety Nets to Social Policy: Lessons for the Transition Economies from the Developing Countries.” In Transforming Post-Communist Political Economies, edited by Joan Nelson, Charles Tilly, and Lee Walker, Washington, DC: National Academies Press.
Guan, Xinping. 1995. “Chinese Social Welfare System Transition in a Market Economic Orientation.” Asia & Asian Sociology: Selected Papers from the Sixth International Conference of Asian Sociology, Beijing.
Guan, Xinping. 2000. “China’s Social Policy: Reform and Development in the Context of Marketization and Globalization.” Social Policy & Administration 34: 115–130.
Hall, Stuart. 1988. The Hard Road to Renewal: Thatcherism and the Crisis of the Left. London: Verso.
Harvey, David. 1989. The Condition of Postmodernity. Oxford: Blackwell.
Harvey, David. 2005. A Brief History of Neoliberalism. New York: Oxford University Press.
Harvey, David. 2006. Spaces of Global Capitalism: A Theory of Uneven Geographical Development. London; New York: Verso.
Harvey, David. 2007. “Neoliberalism as Creative Destruction.” The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 610(1): 21–44.
Hsu, Immanuel. 2000. The Rise of Modern China. New York; Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Huang, Yasheng. 2010. “The Politics of China’s Path: A Reply to Joel Andreas.” New Left Review 65: 87–91.
Hung, Ho-Fung. 2008. “Rise of China and the Global Overaccumulation Crisis.” Review of International Political Economy 15(2): 149–179.
Hung, Ho-Fung. 2011. “Paper-Tiger Finance?.” New Left Review 72: 138–44.
Hung, Ho-Fung. 2013. “Labour Politics under Three Stages of Chinese Capitalism.” South Atlantic Quarterly 112(1): 203–212.
Hussain, Athar. 2007. “Social Security in Transition.” In Paying for Progress in China: Public Finance, Human Welfare and Changing Patterns of Inequality, edited by V. Shue and C. Wong, London, New York: Routledge.
Jiang, Wanrong. 1999. “Housing and Its Reform in 1998–1999.” In China in 1999: Analysis and Forecast of Social Situation, edited by Ru Xin et al. Beijing: Social Science Literature Press.
Jiang, Zemin. 2011. “Zuohao Jingji Fazhan Fengxiande Fangfan Gongzuo [Effective Guard against Risks in Economic Development].” In Selected Works of Jiang Zemin Volume I, translated by the Bureau for the Compilation and Translation of Works of Marx, Engels, Lenin and Stalin under the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press.
Lau, Kwok-yu, and James Lee 2001. “Housing Policy Reform.” In The Market in Chinese Social Policy, edited by Linda Wong and Norman Flynn, Basingstoke: Palgrave.
Lee, Ching Kwan, and Mark Selden. 2007. “China’s Durable Inequality: Legacies of Revolution and Pitfalls of Reform.” Japan Focus 21.
Lee, James, and Zhu Yapeng. 2006. “Urban Governance, Neoliberalism and Housing Reform in China.” The Pacific Review 19(1): 39–61.
Leung, Joe. 1992. “The Transformation of Occupational Welfare in PRC: From a Political Asset to an Economic Burden.” Social Welfare in China 3. Hong Kong: University of Hong Kong, Department of Social Work and Social Administration.
Liu, Junqiang, Liu Kai, and Huang Yunong 2016. “Transferring from the Poor to the Rich: Examining Regressive Redistribution in Chinese Social Insurance Programmes.” International Journal of Social Welfare 25: 199–210.
Macfarquhar, Roderick, and Michael Schoenhals 2006. Mao’s Last Revolution. Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
Meisner, Maurice. 1999. Mao’s China and after: A History of the People’s Republic. New York: Free Press.
Mengkui, Wang eds. 2008. Good Governance in China – A Way towards Social Harmony: Case Studies by China’s Rising Leaders. London; New York: Routledge.
Mok, Ka-ho. 2001. “Education Policy Reform.” In The Market in Chinese Social Policy, edited by Linda Wong and Norman Flynn, Basingstoke: Palgrave.
Naughton, Barry. 1995. Growing Out of the Plan: Chinese Economic Reform, 1978–1993. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Naughton, Barry. 2000. “The Chinese Economy: Fifty Years into Transformation.” China Briefing 49–70.
Naughton, Barry. 2007. The Chinese Economy: Transitions and Growth. Cambridge: MIT Press.
Niebuhr, Reinhold. 2013. Moral Man and Immoral Society: A Study in Ethics and Politics. Westminster: John Knox Press.
Nonini, Donald. 2008. “Is China Becoming Neoliberal?.” Critique of Anthropology 28(2): 145–176.
O’Donovan, Oliver. 1999. The Desire of the Nations: Rediscovering the Roots of Political Theology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
OECD. 2008. Social Expenditure Database 2008. Retrieved May 28, 2010, from http://www.oecd.org/document/9/0,3343,en_2649_34637_38141385_1_1_1_1,00.html.
Ong, Aihwa. 2006. Neoliberalism as Exception: Mutations in Citizenship and Sovereignty. Durham: Duke University Press.
Ong, Aihwa. 2007. “Neoliberalism as a Mobile Technology.” Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 32(1): 3–8.
Ostergaard, C. S. (2004). Go”vernance and the political challenge of the Falun Gong. Governance in China, 207–225. Howell, J. (2004). Governance in China. Rowman & Littlefield.
Ostry, Jonathan, Prakash Loungani, and Davide Furceri. 2016. “Neoliberalism: Oversold?” Finance & Development 38–41.
Peck, Jamie, and Adam Tickell 1994. “Searching for a new Institutional Fix: The After-Fordist Crisis and the Global-Local Disorder.” In Post-Fordism: A Reader, edited by Ash Amin. Oxford: Blackwell.
Peck, Jamie, and Adam Tickell 2002. “Neoliberalizing Space.” Antipode 34(3): 380–404.
Peters, Michael. 2001b. Poststructuralism, Marxism, and Neoliberalism: Between Theory and Politics. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield.
Qiao, Baoyun, Fan Jianyong, and Feng Xingyuan 2005. “Zhongguode Caizheng Fenquanyu Xiaoxue Yiwu Jiaoyu [Fiscal Decentralization and Compulsory Primary Education in China].” Social Sciences in China 6: 38–46.
Rawski, Thomas. 1999. “Reforming China’s Economy: What Have We Learned?.” The China Journal 41: 139–156.
Saich, Tony. 2010. Governance and Politics of China. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Shambaugh, David. 2016. China’s Future. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Shi, Li, and Bjorn A. Gustafsson. 2008. “Unemployment, Earlier Retirement, and Changes in the Gender Income Gap in Urban China, 1995–2002.” In Inequality and Public Policy in China, edited by Bjorn A. Gustafsson, Li Shi and Terry Sicular. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Shirk, Susan. 1993. The Political Logic of Economic Reform in China. Berkeley: University of California Press.
So, Alvin. 2005. “Beyond the Logic of Capital and the Polarization Model: The State, Market Reforms, and the Plurality of Class Conflict in China.” Critical Asian Studies 37(3): 481–494.
Steger, Manfred, and Ravi K. Roy 2010. Neoliberalism: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Tsai, Lily. 2007. Accountability without Democracy: Solitary Groups and Public Goods Provision in Rural China. New York: Cambridge University Press.
UNDP. 1995. Human Development Report 1994. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Vogel, Ezra. 2011. Deng Xiaoping and the Transformation of China. Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
Walker, Alan, and Chack-Kie. Wong 2009. “The Relationship between Social Policy and Economic Policy: Constructing the Public Burden of Welfare in China and the West.” Development and Society 38: 1–26.
Walter, Carl, and Fraser J. Howie 2011. Red Capitalism: The Fragile Financial Foundation of China’s Extraordinary Rise. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Wang, Hui. 2003. China’s New Order: Society, Politics, and Economy in Transition. Translated by Theodore Huters. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Wang, Shaoguang, and Ngok Kinglun. 2007. “Congjingji Zhengce Daoshehui Zhengce: Zhongguo Gonggong Zhengce Gejude Lishixing Zhuanbian [From Economic Policy to Social Policy: The Historical Transformation of the Policy Regime in China].” Chinese Public Policy Review 1: 29–45.
Wong, Chack-Kie. 1999. “Reforming China’s State Socialist Workfare System: A Cautionary and Incremental Approach.” Issues & Studies 35: 169–194.
Wong, Linda. 1994. “Privatization of Social Welfare in Post-Mao China.” Asian Survey 36: 307–325.
Wong, Linda. 2001. “Welfare Policy Reform.” In The Market in Chinese Social Policy, edited by. Linda Wong and Norman Flynn, Basingstoke: Palgrave.
Wong, Linda. 2005. Marginalization and Social Welfare in China. London: Routledge.
Wong, Linda, and Flynn. Norman eds. 2001. The Market in Chinese Social Policy. Basingstoke: Palgrave.
Wu, Fulong. 2003. “Transitional Cities.” Environment and Planning A 35(8): 1331–1338.
Wu, Fulong. 2008. “China’s Great Transformation: Neoliberalization as Establishing a Market Society.” Geoforum 39(3): 1093–1096.
Wu, Fulong. 2010. “How Neoliberal Is China’s Reform? The Origins of Change during Transition.” Eurasian Geography and Economics 51(5): 619–631.
Xiao, Gongqin. 2003. “The Rise of the Technocrats.” Journal of Democracy 14(1): 60–65.
Xiao, Gongqin. 2006. “Gaige Kaifang Yilai Yishixingtai Chuangxinde Lishi Kaocha [A Historical Study of the Ideological Innovations since the Reform and Opening Up].” Tianjin Social Sciences 4: 45–49.
Yang, Xuedong. 2008. “Jin 30 Nian Zhongguo Difang Zhengfude Gaigeyu Bianhua: Zhilide Shjiao [30 Years’ Reform and Change of China’s Local Governments: A Governance Perspective].” Journal of Social Sciences 12: 4–16.
Yuan, Zhenguo, and Mitsuru Wakabayashi 1996. “Chinese Higher Education Reform from the ‘State Model’ to the ‘Social Model’: Based on a Sino-Japan Comparative Perspective.” Forum of International Development Studies 6: 173–200.
Zhao, Ziyang. 1987. “Advance along the Road of Socialism with Chinese Characteristics.” Beijing Review 30: 45.
Zou, Dang. 2012. Ershi Shiji Zhongguo Zhengzhi [Chinese Politics in the Twenty Century]. Hong Kong: Oxford University Press.
Zwig, David. 1997. Freeing China’s Farmers: Restructuring in the Reform Era. Armonk: M. E. Sharpe.
Larner, Wendy. 2000. “Neo-liberalism Policy, Ideology, Governmentality.” Studies in Political Economy 63(1): 5–25.
Liu, Ruizhong and Zhang Xinhua. 1989. “Zhongguo: Yige Dishourude Fuli Guojia [China: A Welfare State with Low Income].” China: Development and Reform 6.
Ma, Jun, and Zhang Zhibin. 2009. “Remaking the Chinese Administrative State Since 1978: The Double-Movements Perspective.” The Korean Journal of Policy Studies 23(2): 225–52.
Ngok, Kinglun. 2016. “Conclusion: Modern Chinese Welfare Achievements and Challenges Ahead.” In China’s Social Policy: Transformation and Challenges, edited by Ngok Kinglun and Chak Kwan Chan. London; New York: Routledge.
Jiang, Zemin. 2012. “Shizhong Zuodao ‘Sange Daibiao’ Shiwomen Dangde Lidangzhiben, Zhizhengzhiji, Liliangzhiyuan [Persistent Implementation of the ‘Three Represents’ Is the Foundation for Building our Party, the Cornerstone for Its Governance and the Source of Its Strength].” In Selected Works of Jiang Zemin Volume III, translated by the Bureau for the Compilation and Translation of Works of Marx, Engels, Lenin and Stalin under the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press.
Huang, Yasheng. 2008. Capitalism with Chinese Characteristics: Entrepreneurship and the State. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press.
Xinhua News Agency. 2016. “Zhonghua Renmin Gongheguo Guomin Jingjihe Shehui Fazhan Dishisange Wunian Guihua Gangyao [The Thirteenth Five-Year Plan of National Economic and Social Development of the People’s Republic of China].” Retrieved 4 June, 2016, from http://sh.xinhuanet.com/2016-03/18/c_135200400.htm
Renwei, Zhao, Ding Sai. 2008. “The Distribution of Wealth in China.” In Inequality and Public Policy in China, edited by Bjorn A. Gustafsson, Li Shi and Terry Sicular. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2017 The Author(s)
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Li, Q. (2017). The Engine of Chinese Neoliberalism. In: The Idea of Governance and the Spirit of Chinese Neoliberalism. Palgrave, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-4139-6_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-4139-6_2
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-10-4138-9
Online ISBN: 978-981-10-4139-6
eBook Packages: Political Science and International StudiesPolitical Science and International Studies (R0)