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Application of Social Censure on Corruption

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Abstract

As seen in the earlier chapter, the ruling group use political resources and social resources to target particular phenomenon, denounce it, and create a set of rule or regulation in the aim of keeping it under control or shaping it according to the ruling ideology.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    There are eight democratic parties and many other social groups in China, such as the Revolutionary Committee of Chinese Kuomintang (中国国民党革命委员会), the China Democratic League (中国民主同盟), the China Democratic National Construction Association (中国民主建国会), the China Association for Promoting Democracy (中国民主促进会), the Chinese Peasants and Workers Democratic Party中国农工民主党), the China Zhi Gong Party (中国致公党), the Jiu San (September 3) Society (九三学社), the Taiwan Democratic Self-Government League (台湾民主自治同盟). However, they function more like a political supporter in China. No such a party is able to challenge CCP’s dominance.

  2. 2.

    Retrieved from the website of the Supervision Ministry of the PRC. On Oct 10, 2007: http://www.mos.gov.cn/Template/article/display0.jsp?mid=20060302021322.

  3. 3.

    People Daily (人民日报), August 30, 2006.

  4. 4.

    As analyzed earlier, the Procuratorate and CCDI are two anticorruption departments which work separately. The statistics from these two organs are collected and complied separately too.

  5. 5.

    President Jiang Zemin launched an anticorruption campaign after the Tiananmen movement. Harsh criteria were adopted in the campaign. The campaign was later stopped by Deng Xiaoping’s southern tour in 1992. The anticorruption was then loosened and government went easy on corrupt behaviors among officials. Retrieved on Aug 19, 2007 from http://www.phoenixtv.com.cn/home/phoenixweekly/157/1612page.html.

  6. 6.

    “党外无党,帝王思想; 党内无派,千奇百怪” in Chinese. Retrieved on Sept 10, 2007 from http://www.mzdthought.com/html/mxzz/mzdwg/12/7719.html.

  7. 7.

    “右可以葬送社会主义,’左’也可以葬送社会主义。中国要警惕右,但主要是防止’左’”。See Selected works of Deng Xiaoping, V3, p.372.

  8. 8.

    “改革开放是大势所趋,得到了全党全国人民的拥护,谁不改革谁下台”. See Deng (1993:372).

  9. 9.

    Retrieved on Sept 20, 2007 from http://news.xinhuanet.com/legal/2007-07/03/content_6320326.htm.

  10. 10.

    Retrieved on Sept 20, 2007 from http://news.tom.com/2007-06-15/OI27/08389119.html. However, such a report doesn’t get applause from the public but causes people’s cynicism for the average of corrupt money per person is only 8 thousands yuan which is a trivial amount for current Chinese.

  11. 11.

    Retrieved on Feb. 10, 2008 from http://www.thefreedictionary.com/campaign.

  12. 12.

    “省高级法院正直的干部群众” in Chinese. Retrieved on Sept 19, 2007 from http://www.chinanewsweek.com.cn/2003-09-05/1/2155.html.

  13. 13.

    Retrieved on Sept 19, 2007 from http://web.peopledaily.com.cn/zdxw/7/19991209/19991209001028.htm.

  14. 14.

    “顶风违纪”in Chinese. Retrieved on Sept 19, 2007 from http://www.chinanewsweek.com.cn/2003-09-05/1/2155.html.

  15. 15.

    Studying at the Central Party School is usually a “benefit” for CCP officials. The newly promoted cadres or cadres to be promoted in a short time need to study at the Central Party School for a semester. Here sun's study is more like a buffering zone.

  16. 16.

    Retrieved on March 10, 2008 from http://www.chinanewsweek.com.cn/2003-09-05/1/2155.html.

  17. 17.

    Retrieved on May 10, 2007 from http://news.sina.com.cn/c/2003-09-03/11281667341.html.

  18. 18.

    Retrieved on May 10, 2007 from http://business.sohu.com/73/04/article212630473.shtml.

  19. 19.

    Retrieved on May 10, 2007 from http://news.sina.com.cn/c/2003-08-28/12511635181.shtml.

  20. 20.

    Here political not only means the corruption and anticorruption is related to politics, but also means political maneuver adopted or under-table goal served. For example, the reason of being targeted may be group contest, personal fight or severe strike in the campaign.

  21. 21.

    Retrieved on Sept 4, 2007 from http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/ideology.

  22. 22.

    Mao once defines the tigers as follow: (1) Embezzled money reaches 100 millions yuan (old currency, the same thereafter); (2) embezzled money doesn’t reach 100 millions, but causes huge damage to state; (3) chief conspirator of collective corruption case in which embezzled money reach 100 millions; (4) embezzled money reaches 50 millions and serious in nature such as misappropriation of donations for the Korean War; (5) economic spy and causes 100 millions lose to state; (6) concealing and misappropriating state assets or capitalist assets during the liberation period. See Mao Zedong (1952).

  23. 23.

    Refer to Legal Research Materials for New China, 2003, V.2, P. 1978-1979. The China Legal and Political University Press.

  24. 24.

    Refer to http://www.reuters.com/article/uk-china-politics-chongqing-idUKBRE87K03R20120821 and https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/mar/30/bo-xilai-profile, retrieved on Oct 15, 2014.

  25. 25.

    Chongqing was added in 2000 to facilitate development of the China’s west. The leaders of these municipalities control great wealth and enjoy broad autonomy. No investigations of their activities are likely to be initiated without the approval of the top-most leaders. See also Kahn (2006).

  26. 26.

    Civil servants are found in a well-defined system of ranks all over the world. The rank of a civil servant determines what positions he/she may assume in the government or the military, how much political power he/she gets, and the level of benefits in areas such as transportation and healthcare in China. According to the Temporary Regulations for National Civil Servants (国家公务员暂行条例), civil servants are put into a total of fifteen levels. Level 1: Premier of the People's Republic of China; level 2–3: Vice Premier of the People's Republic of China and members of the State Council; level 3–4: Leading roles of ministries or equivalents (正部级), or of provinces or equivalents (省级); Levels 4–5: Assisting roles of ministries or equivalents (副部级), or of provinces or equivalents (副省级); Levels 5–7: Leading roles of departments or equivalents (正司级 / 正厅级), or of prefectures or equivalents (地级), or counsels (巡视员); Levels 6–8: Assisting roles of departments or equivalents (副司级 / 副厅级), of prefectures or equivalents (副地级), or assistant counsels (助理巡视员); Levels 7–10: Leading roles of divisions or equivalents (正处级), of counties or equivalents (县级), or consultants (调研员); Levels 8–11: Assisting roles of divisions or equivalents (副处级), of counties or equivalents (副县级), or assistant consultants (助理调研员); Levels 9–12: Leading roles of sections or equivalents (正科级), of townships or equivalents (乡级); Levels 9–13: Assisting roles of sections or equivalents (副科级), of townships or equivalents (副乡级); Levels 9–14: Staff members (科员); Levels 9–15: Clerks (办事员).

  27. 27.

    Retrieved on April 10, 2008 from http://news.eastday.com/eastday/node17/node136/node15563/u1a187109.html.

  28. 28.

    Detailed information can be found in Wang Qiang's report in the volume 13 of Business Weekly, 2006.

  29. 29.

    Retrieved on April 10, 2008 from http://news.xinhuanet.com/mrdx/2006-12/13/content_5479065.htm.

  30. 30.

    There was no clue that he would be shuangguied. On May 26 Liu inspected the line 5 of metro; on May 29 Liu inspected baseball field construction work in Fengtai District; On June 7 Liu accompanied Secretary of Beijing CCP Committee to inspect protection of ancient building (yan dai xie jie). On June 8 he was announced as the chairman of Organization Committee of Beijing 12th Sport Meeting. Everything looks like smooth for him.

  31. 31.

    Liu was the director general of Olympic Project Construction Office before the shuanggui. Retrieved on august 15, 2007 from http://finance.singtaonet.com/china/200612/t20061214_418930.html.

  32. 32.

    A clean Olympic is a serious promise from Beijing to the Olympic O.C. New York Times wrote that Beijing stressed many times that Beijing Olympic will be “the cleanest Olympic ever”. Liu’s behavior certainly humiliated Beijing government for Liu was the director general of Olympic Project when he was shuangguied.

  33. 33.

    Retrieved on April 10, 2008 from http://news.xinhuanet.com/legal/2006-11/04/content_5287964.htm.

  34. 34.

    Retrieved on April 10, 2008 from http://legal.people.com.cn/GB/42733/4997910.html.

  35. 35.

    Retrieved on April 10, 2008 from news.xinhuanet.com/legal/2007-11/28/content_7157257.htm.

  36. 36.

    Retrieved on April 10, 2008 from http://news.xinhuanet.com/ziliao/2003-02/20/content_737742.htm.

  37. 37.

    Retrieved on April 10, 2008 from http://www.singtaonet.com/china/t20060627_264641.html.

  38. 38.

    Li also once served as deputy head of the municipal Public Security Bureau and of the Politics and Law Committee of the Party's municipal committee. The National People’s Congress dismissed Li Baojin (李宝金) from his post on charges of "severe breach of discipline" on August 27, 2006. The NPC notice did not provide detailed reasons for Li's dismissal, but said he is suspected of "grave violations of discipline". Tianjin Television News exposes that Li was accused of taking advantage of his powerful position to obtain several millions yuan from large enterprises, misappropriating a huge amount of public funds, improperly favoring real estate enterprises, and registering off-the-book accounts under a subsidiary. The report from Tianjin Television also said Li was accused of living a decadent life, which usually means hoarding mistresses. Retrieved on august 17, 2007 from http://news.xinhuanet.com/lianzheng/2006-12/13/content_5478779.htm.

  39. 39.

    Retrieved on April 10, 2008 from http://www.peacehall.com/news/gb/china/2006/07/200607081412.shtml.

  40. 40.

    Retrieved on April 10, 2008 from http://news.163.com/07/0614/02/3GTPQUQI0001124J.html.

  41. 41.

    The other three are as follow: (1) stopping riots completely; (2) maintain economic reform; (3) strengthening political education, such as patriotism and socialism. Retrieved on Sept 28, 2007 from http://www.people.com.cn/GB/shizheng/252/5301/5302/20010613/488135.html.

  42. 42.

    Red-headed documents are officials documents issued from governments or CCP committees, such as “the Document 15 of XXX City Education Bureau” (in red). In China, the red-headed document means official document which are coercive, directive, and interests-related. Other NGOs or civil organizations are not allowed to issue such kind of documents.

  43. 43.

    Three thousand nine hundred thirty five individuals are involved in illicit money more than 10 thousands; 239 individuals are involved in illicit money more than 50 thousand but less than 100 thousands; 78 individuals are involved in illicit money more than 100 thousand but less than one 500 thousands; 3 individuals are involved in illicit money more than 500 thousand but less than one million; and 3 officials embezzled or took more than one million yuan (Liu 1993).

  44. 44.

    Retrieved on Oct. 5, 2007 from http://news.xinhuanet.com/ziliao/2003-01/18/content_695451.htm.

  45. 45.

    Retrieved on July 27 2007 from http://www.china.com.cn/chinese/zhuanti/xjxjy/753458.htm.

  46. 46.

    Retrieved on Oct 20, 2007 from http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2005-01/09/content_2436158.htm.

  47. 47.

    Retrieved on April 8, 2008 from http://www.zaobao.com/special/newspapers/2008/04/hongkong080404q.shtml.

  48. 48.

    Retrieved on Oct 20, 2007 from Fist Financial Daily, May 24, 2005.

  49. 49.

    Retrieved on Feb. 10 2007 from http://news.xinhuanet.com/legal/2005-07/11/content_3202732_1.htm.

  50. 50.

    Retrieved on Jan. 28 2008 from http://lzlw.scol.com.cn/guanzhu/20051216/20051216153621.htm.

  51. 51.

    Retrieved on Jan. 28, 2008 from http://news.sina.com.cn/c/2005-07-01/11006321393s.shtml.

  52. 52.

    Retrieved on Oct. 21, 2007 form http://news.sina.com.cn/c/l/2007-06-17/102213247662.shtml.

  53. 53.

    It is a Chinese policy that soldiers and officers from air force, army and navy can request transfer to local districts and will be arranged a job. Officers will be assigned to posts in accordance with the post in the army.

  54. 54.

    Retrieved on Oct 9, 2007 from http://news.sina.com.cn/c/2001-12-08/415743.html.

  55. 55.

    People's Daily, 2001, December 28, Page 2.

  56. 56.

    What is more interesting is that the punishment didn't last long. All of them were either re-appointed to new posts, promoted, or retired, based on a report of 21st Century Talent News (2003, July, 9). Zhu Ziqiang was appointed as the vice-director of Nanjing Metro Office; The other punished senior officials either retired or were promoted later. It further suggests that the application of anticorruption is in the full control of the dominant group and manipulated by them for interest consideration. Their retreat is a temporary political strategy.

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  1. Nanchang University, Nanchang, China

    Guoping Jiang

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Jiang, G. (2017). Application of Social Censure on Corruption. In: Corruption Control in Post-Reform China. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-4050-4_8

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-4050-4_8

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