Abstract
A survey of 640,000 primary school and middle school students in the US in the 1960s reached a classic conclusion: The family background of students has a much stronger influence on their academic performance than any other factor related to education (Coleman 1966).
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Notes
- 1.
Resilient students refer to students from families with a low social and economic status. Most international studies on education adopt the Index of Economic Social and Cultural Status (ESCS) as the indicator measuring a family’s social and economic status. For example, the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) index of economic, social and cultural status was created on the basis of the following variables: the highest level of education and the highest occupational status of parents as well as family wealth. The lower the ESCS index is, the worse it is for students. A student is classified as resilient if he or she is in the bottom quarter of the PISA index of economic, social and cultural status (ESCS) in the country of assessment and performs internationally in the top quarter of students.
- 2.
The concept of “chopstick culture sphere” was first proposed by American historian Lynn White Jr. when he delivered the speech Fingers, Chopsticks and Forks: Reflections on the Technology of Eating at the American Philosophical Society meeting in 1983. Later this concept has often been used in discussions on the East Asian culture sphere. In its analysis of the performance of PISA countries or regions in recent years, OECD uses this concept to cover countries such as South Korea, Japan, China (including the Chinese mainland, Hong Kong, Macau, Taiwan) and Singapore, etc.
- 3.
With the emergence of some population problems, the one-child policy has been gradually relaxed until it is replaced by the two-child policy. In October 2015, it was announced in the communique of the fifth plenary session of the 18th CPC Central Committee that China would henceforth have a new basic state policy for family planning, actively cope with the aging population by allowing all couples to have two children.
- 4.
The family survey of five cities in 1982, the one of seven cities in 1993, the research of urban and rural families in modern China carried out in 1998, and the urban and rural family survey in 2007 clearly showed that nuclear families and stem families are the two major types in cities with the former accounting for the majority.
- 5.
Tiger Mother is the name that Amy Lynn Chua, an American Chinese who is professor of law at Yale Law School, used to call herself in her book Battle Hymn of the Tiger Mother. In this book, she said that her strict and even iron-handed educational approach to her two daughters is the educational approach of Chinese mothers.
- 6.
Baumrind categorized parenting styles into three types: authoritarian, authoritative and permissive based on parents’ demands of children and children’s response towards parents’ styles, specifically speaking, the following dimensions of the freedom parents give to children (letting children make their own decisions), the independence (letting children handle their problems independently) allowed, control (of all aspects of children’s life such as living, study and behaviors), encouragement (of merits and penalties of demerits and timeliness of them), expectation (for children’s future), management (of children’s words and deeds, codes of conduct and guidance), etc.
- 7.
Robert Rosenthal, an American psychologist, visited a school and randomly picked three students from every class, altogether 18 people. He wrote these students’ names on a list and gave it to the principal, very earnestly saying: “Scientific measurement reveals that these 18 students are all intelligent students.” Half a year later, Rosenthal visited the school again and found that these 18 students indeed performed more than average and scored huge progresses. Later, all of them achieved outstanding accomplishments in their profession. This is a phenomenon proving that higher expectations lead to improved performance.
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Gu, M., Ma, J., Teng, J. (2017). Upbringing Methods and Educational Philosophy for Chinese Parents. In: Portraits of Chinese Schools. Perspectives on Rethinking and Reforming Education. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-4011-5_6
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