Secret Negotiations for Sino-Japanese Diplomatic Normalization

Itoh, Mayumi

doi:10.1007/978-981-10-4008-5_6

Mayumi Itoh²

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Abstract

Chapter 6 investigates how Zhou and Japanese advocates for the promotion of Sino-Japanese relations worked out the diplomatic normalization between the two countries shortly after President Nixon’s visit to Beijing in February 1972. Newly released diplomatic archival documents and memoirs of Chinese and Japanese officials who were directly involved in the secret negotiations reveal the behind-the-scene process.

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Notes

1.
Jin Chongji, ed. (principal editor), Zhou Enlai zhuan (Biography of Zhou Enlai), edited by Zhonggong-zhongyang wenxian-yanjiushi, Beijing: Zhongyang wenxian-chubanshe, 1998, Vol. 2, 2068–2070.
2.
Sun Pinghua, Watashi no rirekisho: Chūgoku to Nihon ni hashi o kaketa otoko (My Autobiography: The Man Who Built a Bridge Between China and Japan), Tokyo: Nihon keizai-shimbunsha, 1998, 133.
3.
Quansheng Zhao, Interpreting Chinese Foreign Policy: The Micro-Macro Linkage Approach, New York: Oxford University Press, 1996, 140.
4.
Ibid.; Zhonggong-zhongyang wenxian-yanjiushi, ed., Zhou Enlai nianpu 1949–1976 (Chronology of Zhou Enlai, 1949–1976), Beijing: Zhongyang wenxian-chubanshe, 1997, Vol. 3, 476–477.
5.
Zhonggong-zhongyang wenxian-yanjiushi, 491; John H. Holdridge, Crossing the Divide: An Insider’s Account of Normalization of U.S.-China Relations, New York: Rowan & Littlefield Publishers, 1997, 10–11; “Resolution 2758,” United Nations General Assembly, http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/327/74/IMG/NR032774.pdf?OpenElement, accessed March 17, 2015.
6.
Holdridge, 10–11.
7.
Wu Xuewen and Wang Junyan, Liao Chengzhi yu Riben (Liao Chengzhi and Japan), Beijing: Zhonggongdangshi-chubanshe, 2007, 364–365.
8.
Jin, 2070–2072; Zhonggong-zhongyang wenxian-yanjiushi, 534–535; Sun, 133–136.
9.
Zhonggong-zhongyang wenxian-yanjiushi, 535–536; Sun, 136–144.
10.
Ibid. (both).
11.
Zhao, 122–124 and 137–144.
12.
Fujiyama Aiichirō, Seiji waga-michi: Fujiyama Aiichirō kaisōroku (My Way in Politics: Memoirs of Fujiyama Aiichirō), Tokyo: Asahi-shimbunsha, 1976, 179–182.
13.
Ibid.
14.
Ibid., 197–198 and 203. Zhonggong-zhongyang wenxian-yanjiushi, 363.
15.
Fujiyama, 198–201.
16.
Zhonggong-zhongyang wenxian-yanjiushi, 438.
17.
Armin H, Meyer, Assignment Tokyo: An Ambassador’s Journal, Indianapolis, IN: Bobbs-Merrill, 1974, 111–123; Robert A. Wampler, “Armin Meyer Oral History Interview,” January 17, 1996, http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/japan/meyerohinterview.htm.
18.
Ibid. (both).
19.
“60–70 nendai gaikō bunsho kōkai” (Diplomatic Archives of the 1960s and 1970s Released to the Public), Chūnichi Shimbun (also ciculated as Tokyo Shimbun), July 25, 2014.
20.
Ibid.
21.
Zhonggong-zhongyang wenxian-yanjiushi, 486; Fujiyama, 203–204, 209–215, and 309–310.
22.
Zhonggong-zhongyang wenxian-yanjiushi, 513–517; Fujiyama, 211–213.
23.
Fujiyama, 211–213.
24.
Fujiyama, 213–215; Zhonggong-zhongyang wenxian-yanjiushi, 517.
25.
Zhonggong-zhongyang wenxian-yanjiushi, 520; Nakasone Yasuhiro, Jiseiroku: Rekishi-hōtei no hikoku toshite (Reflections: As Defendant at the Tribunal of History), Tokyo: Shinchōsha, 2004, 99–100.
26.
Zhonggong-zhongyang wenxian-yanjiushi, 527; Sun, 153–154 and 159; Furui Yoshimi, “Korekarawa keizai o oyarinasai” (Promote Economic Relations From Now on), in Nihonjin no nakano Shū Onrai (Zhou Enlai among the Japanese), Tokyo: Ribun-shuppan, 1991, 163–166.
27.
Zhonggong-zhongyang wenxian-yanjiushi, 519–520 and 525–526; Zhao, 141–142.
28.
Zhonggong-zhongyang wenxian-yanjiushi, 536–537; Sasaki Kōzō, “Sorenara Tanaka-shushō ni kite-moraimashōka” (Then, Why Don’t We Invide Prime Minister Tanaka to Beijing?), in Nihonjin no nakano Shū Onrai (Zhou Enlai among the Japanese), Tokyo: Ribun-shuppan, 1991, 171–175.
29.
Jin, 2072–2073; Zhonggong-zhongyang wenxian-yanjiushi, 539–540; Takeiri Yoshikatsu, “Nitchū no ‘kin-no-hashi’ rekishi no haguruma o ugogasu” (“Golden Bridge” between China and Japan Moved the History), in Nihonjin no nakano Shū Onrai (Zhou Enlai among the Japanese), Tokyo: Ribun-shuppan, 1991, 162.
30.
Takeiri, 162; Furukawa Mantarō, “Shū Onrai to tainichi gensoku: Kokkō-seijōka ni miru seiji-shuwan” (Zhou Enlai and his Principles toward Japan: Political Skills for Diplomatic Normalization), in Shū Onrai kinen-shuppan kankō-iinkai, ed., Nihonjin no nakano Shū Onrai (Zhou Enlai among the Japanese), Tokyo: Ribun-shuppan, 1991, 401–405.
31.
Zhonggong-zhongyang wenxian-yanjiushi, 543–547.
32.
“Ōhira Masayoshi to Shū Onrai: Nitchū ni hashi o kakeru” (Ōhira Masayoshi and Zhou Enlai: To Build a Bridge between Japan and China), in Shū Onrai kinen-shuppan kankō-iinkai, ed., Nihonjin no nakano Shū Onrai (Zhou Enlai among the Japanese), Tokyo: Ribun-shuppan, 1991, 376–379.
33.
Furukawa, 403–405; “Ōhira Masayoshi to Shū Onrai,” 370 and 379.
34.
Zhonggong-zhongyang wenxian-yanjiushi, 550–552.
35.
Zhonggong-zhongyang wenxian-yanjiushi, 551.
36.
Jin, 2074–2075; Yoshida Makoto, Nitchū-hōdō kaisō no 35-nen (Recollections of 35 Years of Reporting Sino-Japanese Relations), Tokyo: Ushio-shuppansha, 1998, 146–147.
37.
“Tanaka Kakuei, ima-taikō, horonigai anpan” (Bittersweet Anpan Prime Minister Tanaka Kakuei Ate [in Beijing]), Asahi Shimbun, January 26, 2014.
38.
“Ōhira Masayoshi to Shū Onrai,” 380–381.
39.
Ibid., 387; Yoshida, 147–148; “Tanaka Kakuei, ima-taikō, horonigai anpan.”
40.
“Tei Min tono ichimon ittō” (Interview with Ding Min), Chūnichi Shimbun, September 22, 2002.
41.
Sun, 151–152.
42.
Jin, 2075; Zhonggong-zhongyang wenxian-yanjiushi, 552–554; Yoshida, 147–148.
43.
Inoue Toshikazu, “Gaimu-kanryō o miryō shita Tanaka Kakuei” (Tanaka Kakuei Who Fascinated Foreign Affairs Officials), Bungei-shunjū, Vol. 93, No 1, January 2015, 285–287.
44.
Yabuki Susumu, “Ryō Shōshi tsūyaku no yakuwari” (Role of Liao Chengzhi as Interpreter), October 21, 2003, http://www25.big.jp/~yabuki/2003/cd031021.htm; Zhonggong-zhongyang wenxian-yanjiushi, 554; “Ōhira Masayoshi to Shū Onrai,” 384–385; Yoshida, 149–150.
45.
Ibid. (all).
46.
Yoshida, 150; Yabuki Susumu, “Meiwaku no ni-moji: Sanjū-nen hetemo tsutawaranai Mō Takutō no shin’i” (Two Characters, Mei-waku: True Intention of Mao Zedong That is Not Understood after Thirty-Years), September 17, 2002, http://www18.big.jp/~yabukis/doc11/cd020917.htm; Yoshida, 149–150.
47.
Yabuki (2002).
48.
Jin, 2077; Zhonggong-zhongyang wenxian-yanjiushi, 554; Yoshida, 151 and 434–435; “Ōhira Masayoshi to Shū Onrai,” 385.
49.
Yoshida, 434–435.
50.
“Tanaka Kakuei, ima-taikō, horonigai anpan.”
51.
“Ōhira Masayoshi to Shū Onrai,” 383.
52.
Holdridge, 263–267.
53.
“Ōhira Masayoshi to Shū Onrai,” 385–386.
54.
Jin, 2076–2077; Zhonggong-zhongyang wenxian-yanjiushi, 550; “Ōhira Masayoshi to Shū Onrai,” 380–385; Furukawa, 402–405.
55.
Ibid. (all).
56.
Zhonggong-zhongyang wenxian-yanjiushi, 552–553; “Ōhira Masayoshi to Shū Onrai,” 380–385; Furukawa, 402–405.
57.
Inoue, 285–287.
58.
Jin, 2075–2076; Zhonggong-zhongyang wenxian-yanjiushi, 553–554; Furukawa, 402–403.
59.
Zhonggong-zhongyang wenxian-yanjiushi, 553–554; Nakae Yōsuke, “Chūgoku wa naze Yasukuni sanpai ni kodawarunoka” (Why Does China Oppose the Yasukuni Visit?), Chūnichi Shimbun, July 16, 2001.
60.
Nakae.
61.
Ibid.
62.
“Dai-nikai Takeiri Yoshikatsu Shū Onrai kaidan kiroku” (Minutes of the Second Takeiri Yoshikatsu–Zhou Enlai Talk), office of Tanaka Akihiko, Tokyo University Institute for Advanced Studies on Asia, http://www.ioc.u-tokyo.ac.jp/~worldjpn/documents/texts/JPCH/19720728.O2J.html, accessed September 28, 2012.
63.
Ibid.
64.
Inoue Kiyoshi, “Senkaku”-rettō: Chōgyo-shotō no shiteki kaimei (“Senkaku” Islands: Historical Analysis of Diaoyu Islands), Tokyo: Gendai-hyōronsha, 1972; Shū Onrai kinen-shuppan kankō-iinkai, 390 and 408–409; “Zhou Enlai’s Five Principles for Peace,” Zhou Enlai Peace Institute, http://www.zhouenlaipeaceinstitute.org/en/five-principles-of-peace-2/, June 2013.
65.
“Kenshō: Chōgyo-tō ryōyūken mondai ni kansuru Chūnichi-kan no ‘tanaage gōi’” (Assessment: Sino-Japanese “Agreement to Shelve” for Issue of Sovereignty over Diaoyu Islands), January 15, 2013, http://j.people.com.cn/94474/8093454.html.
66.
“Nitchū-gaikō wa kōshite hajimatta” (This is How the Sino-Japanese Diplomacy Began), September 30, 2012, http://matome.naver.jp/odai/2134917025274577601.
67.
Ibid.
68.
“Kenshō.”
69.
Jin, 2077; Zhonggong-zhongyang wenxian-yanjiushi, 555; “Joint Communiqué of the Government of Japan and the Government of the People’s Republic of China,” September 29, 1972, http://www.mofa.go.jp/region/asia-paci/china/joint72.html.
70.
“Tei Min tono ichimon ittō.”
71.
Ibid.; Yoshida, 434–435.
72.
Jin, 2077–2078; “Ōhira Masayoshi to Shū Onrai,” 384–386; Yoshida, 152–153.
73.
Zhonggong-zhongyang wenxian-yanjiushi, 554; “Ōhira Masayoshi to Shū Onrai,” 384–386.
74.
Zhonggong-zhongyang wenxian-yanjiushi, 555; Fujiyama, 219–220.
75.
Fujiyama, 219–220.

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Mayumi Itoh

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Itoh, M. (2017). Secret Negotiations for Sino-Japanese Diplomatic Normalization. In: The Making of China’s Peace with Japan. Palgrave Macmillan, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-4008-5_6

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-4008-5_6
Published: 14 May 2017
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-10-4007-8
Online ISBN: 978-981-10-4008-5
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