Chinese Diplomatic Overtures toward Japan and Zhou Enlai

Itoh, Mayumi

doi:10.1007/978-981-10-4008-5_2

Mayumi Itoh²

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Abstract

Chapter 2 examines how Zhou Enlai initiated Chinese diplomatic overtures towards Japan after the establishment of the People’s Republic of China (PRC) in 1949, amidst obstacles from within and without. New memoirs of Chinese and Japanese officials who were directly involved in Chinese foreign policy toward Japan, as well as newly published official biographies and chronologies of Zhou Enlai, reveal hitherto unknown facts.

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Notes

1.
Mō Takutō ga, “Nihon no shinryaku ni kansha shiteita” (Mao Zedong “Thanked Japanese Invasion”), March 22, 2011, http://www.epochtimes.jp/jp/2011/03/html/d75853.html.
2.
Zhonggong-zhongyang wenxian-yanjiushi, ed., Zhou Enlai nianpu 1949–1976 (Chronology of Zhou Enlai, 1949–1976), Beijing: Zhongyang wenxian-chubanshe, 1997, Vol. 1, 1–10; Zhonggong-zhongyang wenxian-yanjiushi, ed., Zhou Enlai nianpu 1949–1976 (Chronology of Zhou Enlai, 1949–1976), Beijing: Zhongyang wenxian-chubanshe, 1997, Vol. 2, 124–125.
3.
Zhonggong-zhongyang wenxian-yanjiushi, 342; “Zhou Enlai’s Five Principles for Peace,” Zhou Enlai Peace Institute, June 2013, http://www.zhouenlaipeaceinstitute.org/en/five-principles-of-peace-2/.
4.
Jin Chongji, ed. (principal editor), Zhou Enlai zhuan (Biography of Zhou Enlai), edited by Zhonggong-zhongyang wenxian-yanjiushi, Beijing: Zhongyang wenxian-chubanshe, 1998, Vol. 2, 1182–1183 and 2068. For details, see John W. Dower, Empire and Aftermath: Yoshida Shigeru and the Japanese Experience, 1878–1954, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1979.
5.
Takasaki Tatsunosuke, Manshū no shūen (The End of Manchukuo), Tokyo: Jitsugyō-no-nihonsha, 1953, 332–334.
6.
Ibid. For historical background of Manchukuo, see Yoshihisa Tak Matsusaka, The Making of Japanese Manchuria, 1904–1932, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Asian Center, 2001; Haruo Iguchi, Unfinished Business: Ayukawa Yoshisuke and U.S.–Japanese Relations, 1937–1953, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Asian Center, 2003.
7.
Ibid.
8.
Chalmers Johnson, “The Patterns of Japanese Relations with China, 1952–1982,” Pacific Affairs, Vol. 59, No.3, 1986, 403–405.
9.
Zhonggong-zhongyang wenxian-yanjiushi (Vol. 2), 237 and 240; Quansheng Zhao, Interpreting Chinese Foreign Policy: The Micro–Macro Linkage Approach, New York: Oxford University Press, 1996, 122–144.
10.
Takasaki Tatsunosuke, “Sono ‘toshi’ de aka ni naruna” (“Don’t Become Red at ‘Your Age’”), in Takasaki Tatsunosuke-shū kankōkai, ed., Takasaki Tatsunosuke-shū (Takasaki Tatsunosuke Collection), Vol. 2, Tokyo: Tōyō-seikan kabushiki-gaisha, 1965, 166–170.
11.
Nakasone Yasuhiro, Jiseiroku: Rekishi-hōtei no hikoku toshite (Reflections: As Defendant at the Tribunal of History), Tokyo: Shinchōsha, 2004, 99–100, 108–123.
12.
Ibid., 131–139; Sun Pinghua, Watashi no rirekisho: Chūgoku to Nihon ni hashi o kaketa otoko (My Autobiography: The Man Who Built a Bridge Between China and Japan), Tokyo: Nihon keizai-shimbunsha, 1998, 86–87.
13.
Zhonggong-zhongyang wenxian-yanjiushi (Vol. 1), 518; Narasaki Yanosuke, “Matsumoto Jiichirō-sensei to-tomoni” (“Accompanying Master Matsumoto Jiichirō”), in Nihonjin no nakano Shū Onrai (Zhou Enlai among the Japanese), Tokyo: Ribun-shuppan, 1991.
14.
Zhonggong-zhongyang wenxian-yanjiushi (Vol. 1), 518; Sun, 87–88.
15.
Zhao, 135–137.
16.
Sayuri Shimizu, Creating People of Plenty: The United States and Japan’s Economic Alternatives, 1950–1960, Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 2001, 56–58 and 67–68.
17.
For details, see Kurt Werner Radtke, China’s Relations with Japan, 1945–83: The Role of Liao Chengzhi, Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1990.
18.
Ibid.
19.
Wu Xuewen and Wang Junyan, Liao Chengzhi yu Riben (Liao Chengzhi and Japan), Beijing: Zhonggongdangshi-chubanshe, 2007, 115–120.
20.
Ibid.
21.
Wu and Wang, 124–127.
22.
Ibid.; “Michi o hiraita Hoashi Kei-shi” (“Mr. Hoashi Kei Opened the Way”), http://www.peoplechina.com.cn/maindoc/html/zhongri/200108/200108-left.htm, accessed October 18, 2014.
23.
Manshūkokushi hensan-kankōkai, Manshūkokushi (History of Manchukuo), Vol. 1 (Sōron), Tokyo: Man’mō dōhō-engokai, 1970, 779–781 and 809–817.
24.
Takasaki (Manshū no shūen), 296–302.
25.
Ide Magoroku, Owarinaki tabi (Endless journey), Tokyo: Iwanami-shoten, 2004, 214–215.
26.
Sun, 77–80.
27.
Ibid., 76–80.
28.
Zhonggong-zhongyang wenxian-yanjiushi (Vol. 2), 240; Yoshihide Soeya, Japan’s Economic Diplomacy with China, 1945–1978, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1998, 33–35.
29.
Chad J. Mitcham, China’s Economic Relations with the West and Japan, 1949–79: Grain, Trade and Diplomacy, London: Routledge, 2005, 5–6.
30.
Ibid.
31.
Ide, 218–220; Wu and Wang, 142–147.
32.
Ibid. (both).
33.
Soeya, 35–36; Ishikawa Tadao, Nakajima Mineo and Ikei Masaru, eds., Sengo shiryō: Nichū kankei (Postwar Documents: Sino-Japanese Relations), Tokyo: Nippon hyōronsha, 1970, 69–70.
34.
Shimizu, 52–58. For details, see Dower.
35.
Wu and Wang, 179–184 and 200–209; Endō Mitsuo, Chūgoku zanryū-koji no kiseki (Tracks of Orphans Left Behind in China), Tokyo: San’ichi-shobō, 1992, 41.
36.
Zhonggong-zhongyang wenxian-yanjiushi (Vol. 2), 593–594; Wu and Wang, 200–209; Endō, 41.
37.
Zhonggong-zhongyang wenxian-yanjiushi (Vol. 2), 593–594.
38.
Tominaga Shōzō, “Shū Onrai-shushō to Bujun senpan-kanrisho” (“Premier Zhou Enlai and Fushun War Criminals Management Center”), in Shū Onrai kinen-shuppan kankō-iinkai, ed., Nihonjin no nakano Shū Onrai (Zhou Enlai among the Japanese), Tokyo: Ribun-shuppan, 1991, 310–314.
39.
Ibid., 310–314.
40.
Ibid., 311.
41.
Ibid., 311.
42.
Ibid., 310–314.
43.
Endō, 41; Asano Shin’ichi and Dong Yan, Ikoku no fubo (Fathers and Mothers in a Foreign Country), Tokyo: Iwanami-shoten, 2006, pp. 147–153.
44.
Ibid. (both).
45.
“Shiberia yokuryū: Shinshiryō 76-man-nin bun hakken” (“Internment in Siberia: New Documents Found Concerning 760,000 Detainees”), Tokyo Shimbun, July 23, 2009. For details, see Donald C. Hellmann, Japanese Foreign Policy and Domestic Politics: The Peace Agreement with the Soviet Union, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1969.
46.
For details, see Hellmann.
47.
Zhonggong-zhongyang wenxian-yanjiushi (Vol. 2), 443 and 457.
48.
Sun, 88–91.
49.
Ibid., 88–91; Soeya, 36–37.
50.
Sun, 88–91.
51.
Ishikawa, Nakajima and Ikei, 71–72.
52.
Mitcham, 15 and 18–19.
53.
Takasaki Tatsunosuke, “Waga michi o iku” (“Going My Way”), in Takasaki Tatsunosuke-shū kankōkai, ed., Takasaki Tatsunosuke-shū (Takasaki Tatsunosuke Collection), Vol. 1, Tokyo: Tōyō-seikan kabushiki-gaisha, 1965, 204–206.
54.
Ishibashi Tanzan, “Nitchū-yūkō eno tabi” (“Trip for Sino-Japanese Friendship”), in Nihonjin no nakano Shū Onrai (Zhou Enlai among the Japanese), Tokyo: Ribun-shuppan, 1991, 80–87.
55.
Takasaki (1965, Vol. 1), 206–207.
56.
Soeya, 38–39.
57.
Zhonggong-zhongyang wenxian-yanjiushi (Vol. 2), 126.
58.
Soeya, 38–39.
59.
Sun, 97–98.
60.
Ibid., 97–98; Ishikawa, Nakajima and Ikei, 246–250.
61.
Fujiyama Aiichirō, Seiji waga-michi: Fujiyama Aiichirō kaisōroku (My Way in Politics: Memoirs of Fujiyama Aiichirō), Tokyo: Asahi-shimbunsha, 1976, 172–173.
62.
Ibid., 173–174.
63.
Sun, 95–99; Wu and Wang, 256–261.
64.
Ibid. (both); Zhonggong-zhongyang wenxian-yanjiushi (Vol. 2), 143.
65.
Saionji Kinkazu, Saionji Kingazu kaikoroku: “Sugisarishi, Shōwa” (Memoirs of Saionji Kinkazu: “The Bygone Shōwa [Era]”), Tokyo: Aipeccu-puresu, 1991, 324–330; “Mitsugetsu kizuita moto-gaikōkan futari shikyo” (“Two [Chinese] Former Diplomats Who Built a Honeymoon [with Japan] Died”), Sankei Shimbun, October 20, 2009.
66.
Saionji, 324–330.
67.
Ibid., 327–330; Zhao, 135–137; Zhonggong-zhongyang wenxian-yanjiushi (Vol. 2), 159.
68.
Zhonggong-zhongyang wenxian-yanjiushi (Vol. 2), 211.
69.
Saionji, 329–332.
70.
Zhonggong-zhongyang wenxian-yanjiushi (Vol. 2), 254.
71.
Utsunomiya Tokuma, “Tsukisenu omoide” (“Endless Memories”), in Shinka-tsūjinsha shashinbu, ed., Shashinshū: Ryō Shōshi no shōgai (Photo Collection: Life of Liao Chengzhi), Tokyo: Kōdansha, 1984, 172.
72.
Zhonggong-zhongyang wenxian-yanjiushi (Vol. 2), 262–263.

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Mayumi Itoh

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Itoh, M. (2017). Chinese Diplomatic Overtures toward Japan and Zhou Enlai. In: The Making of China’s Peace with Japan. Palgrave Macmillan, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-4008-5_2

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-4008-5_2
Published: 14 May 2017
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-10-4007-8
Online ISBN: 978-981-10-4008-5
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