Skip to main content

ICC, Nihonjinron and Native-Speakerism

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Ideology, Agency, and Intercultural Communicative Competence

Part of the book series: Intercultural Communication and Language Education ((ICLE))

  • 927 Accesses

Abstract

In the previous chapter, I discussed key aspects of the Japanese EFL system and provided an account of the Japanese JHS English classroom as a context for ethnographic research. In this chapter, I concentrate on the three core analytical elements in this book: (1) ICC as a potentially important aspect of English education in Japanese JHS, with (2) nihonjinron and (3) native-speakerism as potential constraining forces in the development of (1). Before conceptualizing the ideological discourses of native-speakerism and nihonjinron, however, it is necessary to begin by proposing an ICC model which can potentially be integrated within existing EFL educational practices in Japanese JHS. If the goal in this book is to ascertain whether the two ideologies under investigative scrutiny are indeed constraining forces, we need to first establish what it is that they are supposed to constrain.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 99.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 129.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 129.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Abegglen, J. C. (1973). Management and worker: The Japanese solution. Tokyo: Kodansha International.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aboshiha, P. (2015). Rachel’s story: Development of a ‘native speaker’ English language teacher. In A. Swan, P. Aboshiha, & A. Holliday (Eds.), (En)countering native-speakerism: Global perspectives (pp. 43–58). Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alexandru, F. (2012). The context for developing intercultural communicative competence. Euromentor Journal, 3(1), 35–53.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alptekin, C. (2002). Towards intercultural communicative competence in ELT. ELT Journal, 56(1), 57–64.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Amin, N. (1997). Race and the identity of the nonnative ESL teacher. TESOL Quarterly, 31(3), 580–583.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Angove, D. L. (2014). Global speakers and global speaker fluency: Redefining roles and goals in EIL education in the strive to empower intercultural speakers in their ‘struggles’ for expression of self and meaning. In S. A. Houghton, D. J. Rivers, & K. Hashimoto (Eds.), Native-speakerism and beyond: Constructing the vision of the post-native-speakerist language teacher. Proceedings of the 1st and 2nd International Symposia on Native-Speakerism (pp. 19–31).

    Google Scholar 

  • Araki, H. (1973). Nihonjin no kōdōyōshiki [The patterns of behaviour of the Japanese]. Tokyo: Kodansha.

    Google Scholar 

  • Archer, M. (2003). Structure, agency and the internal conversation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Archer, M. (2012). The reflexive imperative in late modernity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Ashwill, M. A., & Duong, T. H. O. (2009). Developing globally competent citizens. In D. K. Deardorff (Ed.), The SAGE handbook of intercultural competence (pp. 141–157). London: SAGE Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Befu, H. (1983). Internationalization of Japan and nihon bunkaron. In M. Hiroshi & H. Befu (Eds.), The challenge of Japan’s internationalization: Organization and culture (pp. 232–266). Tokyo: Kwansei Gakuin University and Kodansha International.

    Google Scholar 

  • Befu, H. (1992). Symbols of nationalism and nihonjinron. In R. Goodman & K. Refsing (Eds.), Ideology and practice in modern Japan (pp. 26–46). London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Befu, H. (2001). Hegemony of homogeneity. Melbourne: Trans Pacific Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Befu, H., & Manabe, K. (1987). An empirical study of nihonjinron: How real is the myth? Kwansei Gakuin University Annual Studies (Nishinomiya), 36, 98–111.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beltrán-Palanques, V. (2014). Fostering intercultural communicative competence in the foreign language classroom: Pedagogical implications. IJ-ELTS, 2(2), 59–70.

    Google Scholar 

  • Benedict, R. (1946). The chrysanthemum and the sword: Patterns of Japanese culture. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bennett, M. J. (1986). A developmental approach to training for intercultural sensitivity. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 10, 179–196.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bennett, J. M. (2009). Cultivating intercultural competence: A process perspective. In D. K. Deardorff (Ed.), The SAGE handbook of intercultural competence (pp. 121–140). London: SAGE Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Borghetti, C. (2013). Integrating intercultural and communicative objectives in the foreign language class: A proposal for the integration of two models. The Language Learning Journal, 41(3), 254–267.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bourdieu, P., & Passeron, J. C. (1990). Reproduction in education, society and culture. London: SAGE.

    Google Scholar 

  • Braine, G. (2005). A history of research on non-native speaker English teachers. In E. Llurda (Ed.), Non-native language teachers: Perceptions, challenges and contributions to the profession (pp. 13–23). Dordrecht: Springer.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Breckenridge, Y. M. (2010). Professional identity and the native speaker: An investigation of essentializing discourses in TESOL. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Alberta, Canada.

    Google Scholar 

  • Byram, M. (1997). Teaching and assessing intercultural communication competence. New York: Multilingual Matters.

    Google Scholar 

  • Byram, M. (2008). From foreign language education to education for intercultural citizenship: Essays and reflections. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.

    Google Scholar 

  • Byram, M., Holmes, P., & Savvides, N. (2013). Intercultural communicative competence in foreign language education: Questions of theory, practice and research. The Language Learning Journal, 41(3), 251–253.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carter, B. (2000). Realism and racism: Concepts of race in sociological research. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clammer, J. R. (1997). Contemporary urban Japan: A sociology of consumption. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers Ltd.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Clark, R. (1977). Nihonjin: Yuniikusa no gensen [The Japanese tribe: Origins of a nation’s uniqueness] (trans: Muramatsu, M.). Tokyo: Saimaru Shuppankai.

    Google Scholar 

  • Comaroff, J., & Comaroff, J. (1991). Of revelation and revolution: Christianity, colonialism and consciousness in South Africa (Vol. 1). Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cook, G. (2010). Translation in language teaching. Oxford: OUP.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coperías Aguilar, M. J. (2007). Dealing with intercultural communicative competence in the foreign language classroom. In E. A. Soler & J. M. P. Safont (Eds.), Intercultural language use and language learning (pp. 59–78). Dordrecht: Springer.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Coulmas, F., & Watanabe, M. (2002). Japan’s nascent multilingualism. In L. Wei, J. M. Dewaele, & A. Housen (Eds.), Oppportunities and challenges of bilingualism (pp. 249–272). New York: Mouton de Gruyter.

    Google Scholar 

  • Creese, A., Blackledge, A., & Takhi, J. K. (2014). The ideal ‘native speaker’ teacher: Negotiating authenticity and legitimacy in the language classroom. The Modern Language Journal, 98(4), 937–951.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dale, P. N. (1986). The myth of Japanese uniqueness. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Deardorff, D. K. (2006). Identification and assessment of intercultural competence as a student outcome of internationalization. Journal of Studies in Intercultural Education, 10, 241–266.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Derivry-Plard, M. (2014). The native speaker teacher in a multilingual world? In S. A. Houghton, D. J. Rivers, & K. Hashimoto (Eds.), Native-speakerism and beyond: Constructing the vision of the post-native-speakerist language teacher. Proceedings of the 1st and 2nd International Symposia on Native-Speakerism (pp. 46–60).

    Google Scholar 

  • Doerr, N. M. (2009). Introduction. In N. M. Doerr (Ed.), Native speaker concept: Ethnographic investigations of native speaker effects (pp. 1–12). Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Doi, T. (1986). The anatomy of self: The individual versus society (trans: Harbison, M). Tokyo: Kodansha International.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eagleton, T. (1991). Ideology. London: Verso.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eckstein, A. J. (1999). Japan’s national identity: Nationalists or not? Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Lehigh University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fairclough, N. (1992). Discourse and social change. Oxford: Blackwell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fairclough, N. (2010). Critical discourse analysis: The critical study of language (2nd ed.). Harlow: Pearson Education Limited.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fantini, A. E. (2000). A central concern: Developing intercultural competence. Retrieved February 12, 2015, from http://www.sit.edu/publications/docs/competence.pdf

  • Fishman, J. A. (2006). Language policy and language shift. In T. Ricento (Ed.), An introduction to language policy: Theory and method (pp. 311–328). Oxford: Blackwell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fujimoto-Adamson, N. (2006). Globalization and history of English education in Japan. Asian EFL Journal, 8(3), 259–282.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gano, J. V. (1987). Generational change in Japanese nationalism (Vols.1–2). Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gayle, C. A. (2003). Marxist history and postwar Japanese nationalism. London: Routledge.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Glasgow, G. P. (2014). Team-teaching, “teaching English in English” and post-native-speakerist language pedagogy in Japanese senior high schools. In S. A. Houghton, D. J. Rivers, & K. Hashimoto (Eds.), Native-speakerism and beyond: Constructing the vision of the post-native-speakerist language teacher. Proceedings of the 1st and 2nd International Symposia on Native-Speakerism (pp. 75–90).

    Google Scholar 

  • Goodman, R. (1992). Ideology and practice in Japan: Towards a theoretical approach. In R. Goodman & K. Refsing (Eds.), Ideology and practice in modern Japan (pp. 1–25). London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Guo, Y. (2013). The concept and development of intercultural competence. In Y. Tsai & S. Houghton (Eds.), Becoming intercultural: Inside and outside the classroom (pp. 23–47). Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hamaguchi, E. (1998). Nihon shakai towa nanika [What is Japanese society?]. Tokyo: Nippon Hoso Shuppan Kyoukai.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hashimoto, K. (2007). Japan’s language policy and the “lost decade”. In A. B. M. Tsui & J. W. Tollefson (Eds.), Language policy, culture, and identity in Asian contexts (pp. 25–36). London: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hashimoto, K. (2009). Cultivating “Japanese who can use English”: Problems and contradiction in government policies. Asian Studies Review, 33, 21–42.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hato, Y. (2005). Problems in top-down goal setting in second language education: A case study of the “Action Plan to Cultivate ‘Japanese with English Abilities’”. JALT Journal, 27(1), 33–52.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haugh, M. (1998). Native-speaker beliefs about nihonjinron and Miller’s “law of inverse returns”. The Journal of the Association of Teachers of Japanese, 32(2), 27–58.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Holliday, A. (2005). The struggle to teach english as an international language. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holliday, A. (2006). Native-speakerism. ELT Journal, 60(4), 385–387.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Holliday, A. (2015). Native-speakerism: Taking the concept forward and achieving cultural belief. In A. Swan, P. Aboshiha, & A. Holliday (Eds.), (En)countering native-speakerism: Global perspectives (pp. 11–25). Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holliday, A., Aboshiha, P., & Swan, A. (Eds.). (2015). (En)countering native-speakerism: Global perspectives. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Horibe, H. (1998). A critique of teaching international understanding and intercultural understanding. Gendai Eigo Kyoiku [Modern English Language Education], December, 22–25.

    Google Scholar 

  • Horio, T. (1988). Educational thought and ideology in modern Japan: State authority and intellectual freedom. Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Houghton, S. (2012). Intercultural dialogue in practice: Managing value judgment through foreign language education. Bristol: Multilingual Matters.

    Google Scholar 

  • Houghton, S., & Rivers, D. J. (Eds.). (2013). Native-speakerism in Japan: Intergroup dynamics in foreign language education. Bristol: Multilingual Matters.

    Google Scholar 

  • Houghton, S., & Yamada, E. (2012). Developing criticality in practice through foreign language education. Oxford: Peter Lang.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • House, J. (2007). What is an ‘intercultural speaker’? In E. A. Soler & J. M. P. Safont (Eds.), Intercultural language use and language learning (pp. 7–21). Dordrecht: Springer.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Howard-Hamilton, M. F., Richardson, B. J., & Shuford, B. (1998). Promoting multicultural education: A holistic approach. College Student Affairs Journal, 18(1), 5–17.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hugues, R. (2005). The MEXT English education reform objectives and student motivation. Journal of Regional Development Studies, Toyo University Japan, 353–359.

    Google Scholar 

  • Itagaki, H. (1997). Nihon teki keiei: Seisan shisutemu to higashi ajia [Japanese-style management and East Asia]. Kyoto: Minerva Shobo.

    Google Scholar 

  • Iwabuchi, K. (1994). Complicit exoticism: Japan and its other. Continuum: The Australian Journal of Media and Culture, 8–2. Retrieved March 21, 2012, from http://kali.murdoch.edu.au

  • Kabel, A. (2009). Native-speakerism, stereotyping and the collusion of applied linguistics. System, 37, 12–22.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kachru, B. B. (Ed.). (1992). The other tongue: English across cultures. Chicago: University of Illinois Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kageyama, M. (1994). Kageyama masaharu zenshû (Vols. 19 and 25). Tokyo: Kageyama Masaharu Zenshû Kankokai.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kagono, T. (1997). Nihon gata keiei no fukken: Monozukuri no seishin ga ajia o kaeru [Reassertion of the Japanese-style management: The spirit of manufacture changes Asia]. Tokyo: PHP Kenkyusho.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kamada, L. (1996). Comparing cultures through critical thinking: Development and interpretation of meaningful observations. The Proceedings of the JALT 1996 International Conference on Language Teaching and Learning (pp. 154–158).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kamal, A. (2015). Interrogating assumptions of native-speakerism from the perspective of Kuwait University English language students. In A. Swan, P. Aboshiha, & A. Holliday (Eds.), (En)countering native-speakerism: Global perspectives (pp. 124–140). Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaneko, K. (2010). Constructing Japanese nationalism on television: The Japanese image of multicultural society. New Cultural Frontiers, 1(1), 101–116.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kawai, H. (1984). Nihonjin no aidentiti [The Japanese and their identity]. Tokyo: Sogensha.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kawai, Y. (2007). Japanese nationalism and the global spread of English: An analysis of Japanese governmental and public discourses on English. Language and Intercultural Communication, 7(1), 37–55.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kim, Y. Y. (2005). Association and dissociation: A contextual theory of interethnic communication. In W. Gudykunst (Ed.), Theorizing about intercultural communication (pp. 323–349). SAGE: Thousand Oaks, CA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kim, Y. Y. (2009). The identity factor in intercultural competence. In D. K. Deardorff (Ed.), The SAGE handbook of intercultural competence (pp. 53–65). London: SAGE Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kowner, R. (2002). Deconstructing the Japanese national discourse: Laymen’s beliefs and ideology. In R. T. Donahue (Ed.), Exploring Japaneseness: On Japanese enactments of culture and consciousness (pp. 169–182). CT, USA: Greenwood Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kramsch, C. (1998). The privilege of the intercultural speaker. In M. Byram & M. Fleming (Eds.), Language learning in intercultural perspective (pp. 16–31). Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kubota, R. (1998). Ideologies of English in Japan. World Englishes, 17(3), 295–306.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kubota, R. (1999). Japanese culture constructed by discourse: Implications for applied linguistic research and ELT. TESOL Quarterly, 33(1), 9–35.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kubota, R. (2002). The impact of globalization on language teaching in Japan. In D. Block & D. Cameron (Eds.), Globalization and language teaching (pp. 13–28). London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kubota, R. (2003). Critical teaching of Japanese culture. Japanese Language and Literature, 37(1), 67–87.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kubota, R. (2004). Critical multiculturalism and second language education. In B. Norton & K. Toohey (Eds.), Critical pedagogies and language learning (pp. 30–52). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Kubota, R. (2009). Rethinking the superiority of the native speaker: Toward a relational understanding of power. In N. M. Doerr (Ed.), Native speaker concept: Ethnographic investigations of native speaker effects (pp. 233–248). Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kubota, R., & Lin, A. (Eds.). (2009). Race, culture, and identities in second language education: Exploring critically engaged practices. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kumaravadivelu, B. (2015). Foreword. In A. Swan, P. Aboshiha, & A. Holliday (Eds.), (En)countering native-speakerism: Global perspectives (pp. viii–xi). Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Layder, D. (1997). Modern social theory: Key debates and new directions. London: UCL Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leung, C., Harris, R., & Rampton, B. (1997). The idealized native speaker, reified ethnicities, and classroom realities. TESOL Quarterly, 31(3), 543–560.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liddicoat, A. J. (2007a). Internationalising Japan: Nihonjinron and the intercultural in Japanese language-in-education policy. Journal of Multicultural Discourses, 2(1), 32–46.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liddicoat, A. J. (2007b). The ideology of interculturality in Japanese language-in-education policy. Australian Review of Applied Linguistics, 30(2), 20.1–20.16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Littlewood, W., & Yu, B. (2011). First language and target language in the foreign language classroom. Language Teaching, 44(1), 64–77.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Loveday, L. J. (1997). Language contact in Japan: A sociolinguistic history. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Manabe, K., Befu, H., & McConnell, D. (1989). An empirical investigation on Nihonjinron: The degree of exposure of Japanese Nihonjinron propositions and the functions these propositions serve. Kwansei Gakuin University Annual Studies, 38, 35–62.

    Google Scholar 

  • McVeigh, B. J. (2002). Japanese higher education as myth. London: M.E. Sharpe.

    Google Scholar 

  • MEXT. (2010). Section 9, foreign languages. Retrieved October 10, 2012 from http://www.mext.go.jp

  • Meyer, M. (1991). Developing transcultural competence: Case studies of advanced language learners. In D. Buttjes & M. Byram (Eds.), Mediating languages and cultures; Towards an intercultural theory of foreign language education (pp. 136–158). Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mishima, K. (2000). Japan: Locked in the discourse of national uniqueness? Internationale Politik und Gesellschaft [International Politics and Society], 1, 74–82.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nakamura, K. (1973). Nihonjin o ugokasu mono [Motivation in the Japanese]. Tokyo: Nihon Kyōbunsha.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nakamura, S. (1992). Nihon bunkagaku [The study of Japanese culture]. In K. Okuda (Ed.), Nihongo kyoiku [Japanese language education] (pp. 164–179). Fukumura: Tokyo.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nakane, C. (1967). Tate shakai no ningen kankei: Tan-itsushakai no riron [Human relations in vertical society: A theory of a unitary society]. Tokyo: Kodansha.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nakane, C. (1973). Japanese society (revised edition). Harmondsworth: Penguin Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Napier, S. J. (2007). From impressionism to anime: Japan as fantasy and fan culture in the mind of the West. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ng, P. (2014). Challenging the native-speakerism ideology in a Japanese university: An autoethnography. In S. A. Houghton, D. J. Rivers, & K. Hashimoto (Eds.), Native-speakerism and beyond: Constructing the vision of the post-native-speakerist language teacher. Proceedings of the 1st and 2nd International Symposia on Native-Speakerism (pp. 196–207).

    Google Scholar 

  • Nishino, T., & Watanabe, M. (2008). Communication-oriented policies versus classroom realities in Japan. TESOL Quarterly, 42(1), 133–138.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nonaka, C. (2014). Why am I feeling frustrated? Examining popular discourses of English among Japanese university students. In S. A. Houghton, D. J. Rivers, & K. Hashimoto (Eds.), Native-speakerism and beyond: Constructing the vision of the post-native-speakerist language teacher. Proceedings of the 1st and 2nd International Symposia on Native-Speakerism (pp. 221–228).

    Google Scholar 

  • Okonogi, K. (1982). Nihonjin no ajase konpurekkusu [The Ajase complex of the Japanese]. Tokyo: Chuo Koronsha.

    Google Scholar 

  • Omaggio, M. A. (1993). Teaching language in context. Boston: Heinle and Heinle.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pavlenko, A., & Blackledge, A. (Eds.). (2004). Negotiation of identities in multilingual contexts. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.

    Google Scholar 

  • Phillipson, R. (1992). Linguistic imperialism. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reesor, M. (2002). The bear and the honeycomb: A history of Japanese English language policy. NUCB Journal of Language, Culture, and Communication, 4(1), 42–52.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reischauer, E. O. (1978). The Japanese. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reischauer, E. O. (1998). Japan: The story of a nation (3rd ed.). Tokyo: Charles E. Tuttle Co.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rivers, D. J. (2011). Japanese national identification and English language learning processes. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 35, 111–123.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Said, E. (1993). Culture and imperialism. New York: Alfred Knopf.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schneer, D. (2007). (Inter)nationalism and English textbooks endorsed by the Ministry of Education in Japan. TESOL Quarterly, 41(3), 600–607.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sealey, A., & Carter, B. (2004). Applied linguistics as social science. London: Continuum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Seargeant, P. (2008). Ideologies of English in Japan: The perspective of policy and pedagogy. Language Policy, 7, 121–142.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Seargeant, P. (2009). The idea of English in Japan. New York: Multilingual Matters.

    Google Scholar 

  • Seilhamer, M. F. (2013). Obstacles to Japanese membership in the imagined global community of English users. The Language Teacher, 37(5), 39–43.

    Google Scholar 

  • Seliger, M. (1977). The Marxist conception of ideology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Shogakukan. (1993). Progressive Japanese-English dictionary (2nd ed.). Tokyo: Shogakukan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Silverstein, M. (1979). Language structure and linguistic ideology. In R. Clyne, W. Hanks, & C. Hofbauer (Eds.), The elements: A parasession on linguistic units and levels (pp. 193–247). Chicago: Chicago Linguistic Society.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sower, C. (1999). Comments on Ryuko Kubota’s “Japanese culture constructed by discourses: Implications for applied linguistics research and ELT”. TESOL Quarterly, 33(4), 736–745.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Spitzberg, B. H., & Changnon, G. (2009). Conceptualizing intercultural competence. In D. K. Deardorff (Ed.), The SAGE handbook of intercultural competence (pp. 2–52). London: SAGE Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spolsky, B. (2004). Language policy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sugimoto, Y. (1999). Making sense of nihonjinron. Thesis Eleven, 57, 81–96.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sugimoto, Y., & Mouer, R. E. (2002). Images of Japanese society. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sullivan, N., & Schatz, R. T. (2009). Effects of Japanese national identification on attitudes toward learning English and self-assessed English proficiency. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 33(6), 486–497.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Swan, A. (2015). Redefining English language teacher identity. In A. Swan, P. Aboshiha, & A. Holliday (Eds.), (En)countering native-speakerism: Global perspectives (pp. 59–74). Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Swan, A., Aboshiha, P., & Holliday, A. (2015). Introduction. In A. Swan, P. Aboshiha, & A. Holliday (Eds.), (En)countering native-speakerism: Global perspectives (pp. 1–8). Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Takeuchi, K. (1999). Parasaito nihonjinron [Parasite nihonjinron]. Tokyo: Bungei Shunjusha.

    Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, C. (1994). The politics of recognition. In A. Gutmann (Ed.), Multiculturalism: Examining the politics of recognition (pp. 25–74). Princeton: Princeton University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thompson, J. B. (2007). Studies in the theory of ideology (4th ed.). Cambridge: Polity Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ting-Toomey, S., & Kurogi, A. (1998). Facework competence in intercultural conflict: An updated face-negotiation theory. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 22, 187–225.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Todd, R. W., & Pojanapunya, P. (2009). Implicit attitudes towards native and non-native speaker teachers. System, 37(1), 23–33.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tseng, Y. H. (2002). A lesson in culture. ELT Journal, 56(1), 11–21.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tsunoda, T. (1978). Nihonjin no nô: Nô no hataraki to tôzai no bunka [The Japanese brain: Functions of the brain and the culture of the East and the West]. Tokyo: Taishukan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tsurumi, S. (Ed.). (1997). Nihonjin no kokoro: Gen-fukei o tazunete [The heart of the Japanese: In search of the primal landscape]. Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten.

    Google Scholar 

  • Umehara, T. (1990). Nihon bunkaron [Nihonjinron]. Tokyo: Kodansha.

    Google Scholar 

  • Verschueren, J. (2012). Ideology in language use: Pragmatic guidelines for empirical research. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vogel, E. (1979). Japan as number one. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Waters, A. (2007). Native-speakerism in ELT: Plus ça change…? System, 35, 281–292.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wodak, R., de Cillia, R., Reisigl, M., & Liebhart, K. (2009). The discursive construction of national identity (2nd ed.). Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Woolard, K. A. (2010). Language ideologies: Issues and approaches. Pragmatics, 2(3), 235–249.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yoneyama, S. (1999). The Japanese high school: Silence and resistance. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yoshida, K. (2003). Language education policy in Japan: The problem of espoused objectives versus practice. Modern Language Journal, 87(2), 291–293.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yoshino, K. (1992). Cultural nationalism in contemporary Japan: A sociological enquiry. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jeremie Bouchard .

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2017 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Bouchard, J. (2017). ICC, Nihonjinron and Native-Speakerism. In: Ideology, Agency, and Intercultural Communicative Competence. Intercultural Communication and Language Education. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-3926-3_2

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-3926-3_2

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore

  • Print ISBN: 978-981-10-3925-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-981-10-3926-3

  • eBook Packages: EducationEducation (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics