Abstract
This chapter explores how newly introduced “small things” cleared a path to export markets , specifically markets in Europe and North America from which the products originated. As opposed to the basic “flying geese model”, the toy manufacturing industry in modern Japan depended on the overseas market from an early stage of its development, targeting affluent consumers in the West. Therefore, it is clear that relatively low wages were not sufficient for Japan to be competitive in the global market, even though toy manufacturing was generally labor-intensive. Without direct transfer of market information by Westerners, toy traders in Japan made every effort to acquire useful knowledge concerning new products and accumulated manufacturing as well as design skills. Merchant organizers played key roles to connect market information with production, and the potential competition among traders in terms of developing designs and devices contributed to form active responses to the market. Although this competitive situation caused emulation problems, which might have undermined the effort to create brand-new designs and devices, they could be relieved through both formal and informal institutional measures, at least among the domestic traders. This can be recognized as another aspect of the “copy culture” in modern Asia.
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Notes
- 1.
Kōjōtōkeihyō (The Statistical Tables of Factories) covered factories employing five or more employees only.
- 2.
It is often mentioned that German products were models for Japanese toy manufacturing. In terms of international trade, however, Japan never appeared as one of the main export markets in the trade statistics of Germany from the late nineteenth century to the 1930s (Statistisches Jahrbuch für das Deutsche Reich).
- 3.
As for colonial Asia, we assume the existence of high-income populations comprising expatriates.
- 4.
The contents of following two sections are drawn from Tanimoto (2007). For the sources of the following descriptions, see the footnotes and references of that paper.
- 5.
The New Utility Model Law was enacted in 1905, 20 years after the enactment of the Patent Monopoly Act in 1885. The aim of the New Utility Model Act was to enhance the coverage of ideas and devices to be protected officially. In fact, most of the applications by toy traders to the Patent Office were for New Utility Models and designs. As for design registration, design bylaws enacted in 1888 were the legal foundation.
- 6.
Because the British Toy Manufacturers’ Association Minute Book No. 1 mentioned that some Japanese toys had emulated trademarks of British manufacturers in the 1930s, it is clear that the emulation were also problematic at the international level. However, it seems that the way to prevent these kinds of emulation was limited and the solution of the problem were carried over to the post-WWII period. In any case, the international emulation problem remains untouched in this chapter and requires further research.
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Tanimoto, M. (2017). From Emulation to Innovation: Japanese Toy Exports to High-Income Countries Before World War II. In: Furuta, K., Grove, L. (eds) Imitation, Counterfeiting and the Quality of Goods in Modern Asian History. Studies in Economic History. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-3752-8_12
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