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Cartilage Tissue Engineering: Scaffold, Cell, and Growth Factor-Based Strategies

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Regenerative Medicine: Laboratory to Clinic

Abstract

The avascular, alymphatic, and aneural character of articular cartilage along with the reduced availability of chondrocytes/progenitors, its complex structure, and mechanics pose a major challenge for cartilage regeneration. State-of-the-art therapies for cartilage injuries can at best halt cartilage deterioration and are most often inadequate for promoting regeneration. The emerging field of tissue engineering has contributed significantly in regeneration of complex tissues including cartilage. The tissue engineering triads of scaffolds, cells, and growth factors have been investigated both independently and in combination for cartilage regeneration. This article focuses on the current developments revolving around these three components for the development of cartilage regenerative therapies. More specifically, we discuss about the influence of scaffold type, architecture, chemical/biochemical composition, and mechanical properties on chondrogenesis. Thereafter, different cell sources and types of growth factors that have been used for engineering cartilage tissue have been reviewed. Finally, the last section deals with various biomaterial-based approaches for controlled release of growth factors for cartilage tissue engineering.

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Abbreviations

ADSC:

Adipose-derived stem cell

BMP:

Bone morphogenetic protein

ECM:

Extracellular matrix

EDC:

1-Ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide

EGF:

Epidermal growth factor

ESC:

Embryonic stem cell

FGF:

Fibroblast growth factor

GAG:

Glycosaminoglycan

HA:

Hydroxyapatite

hMSC:

Human mesenchymal stem cell

HRP:

Horse radish peroxidase

IGF:

Insulin-like growth factor

iPSC:

Induced pluripotent stem cell

LCST:

Lower critical solution temperature

MMP:

Matrix metalloproteinase

NHS:

N-Hydroxysuccinimide

PCL:

Polycaprolactone

PDGF:

Platelet-derived growth factor

pDNA:

Plasmid DNA

PEG:

Polyethylene glycol

PLGA:

Poly(lactide-co-glycolide)

PRP:

Platelet-rich plasma

PVA:

Polyvinyl alcohol

RGD:

Arginine-glycine-aspartate

sGAG:

Sulfated glycosaminoglycan

TGF:

Transforming growth factor

UV:

Ultra Violet

VEGF:

Vascular endothelial growth factor

YAP:

Yes-associated protein

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Acknowledgments

A.A. and A.M. would like to acknowledge IIT Kanpur for fellowship. DSK would like to thank IIT-Kanpur, Department of Biotechnology (DBT), India, Department of Science and Technology (DST), India, and DST-Nanomission for research funding.

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Author notes

  1. Arijit Bhattacharjee and Aman Mahajan contributed equally to this work.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India

    Aditya Arora, Arijit Bhattacharjee, Aman Mahajan & Dhirendra S. Katti Ph.D.

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  1. Aditya Arora
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  2. Arijit Bhattacharjee
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  3. Aman Mahajan
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  4. Dhirendra S. Katti Ph.D.
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Correspondence to Dhirendra S. Katti Ph.D. .

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  1. Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India

    Asok Mukhopadhyay

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Arora, A., Bhattacharjee, A., Mahajan, A., Katti, D.S. (2017). Cartilage Tissue Engineering: Scaffold, Cell, and Growth Factor-Based Strategies. In: Mukhopadhyay, A. (eds) Regenerative Medicine: Laboratory to Clinic. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-3701-6_14

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