Abstract
Recent scholars have gone back through the concept of guoxue 国学 (“National studies”) since the modern age, sorting through it and piecing it together, which has gathered together an extremely abundant array of information.
Translated by Chad Meyers.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Notes
- 1.
See for reference: Luo Zhitian 罗志田, Guojia yu xueshu: Qingji Minchu guanyu “guoxue” de sixiang lunzheng 国家与学术:清季民初关于“国学”的思想论争 (The State and Academia: Debates over the Thought of Guoxue at the End of the Qing and the Beginning of the Republic) (Beijing: Shenghuo dushu, xinzhi sanlian shudian, 2013); Sang Bin 桑宾 et al. eds. Jindai zhongguo xueshu sixiang 近代中国学术思想 (Modern Chinese Academic Thought) (Beijing: Zhongguo shuju, 2008); Sang Bin et al. eds. Guoxue de lishi 国学的历史 (The History of Guoxue) (Beijing: Guojia Tushuguan Chubanshe, 2010).
- 2.
Huang Jie 黄节, “Guocuixue baoxu” 国粹学报叙 (Report on guocuixue), in Guoxue de lishi 国学的历史 (The history of guoxue) (Beijing: Guojia Tushuguan Chubanshe, 2010), 17.
- 3.
Deng Shi 邓实, “Guoxue jiangxi ji” 国学讲习记 (Record of lectures on guoxue), in Guoxue de lishi 国学的历史 (The History of Guoxue), 81.
- 4.
Deng Shi, “Nishe guocuixue tangqi” 拟设国粹学堂启, in Guoxue de lishi 国学的历史 (The History of Guoxue), 89. Luo Zhitian thought that this text might be Liu Shipei’s draft, see Luo’sGuojia yu xueshu: Qingji Minchu guanyu “guoxue” de sixiang lunzheng 国家与学术:清季民初关于“国学”的思想论争 (The state and academia: Debates over the thought of guoxue at the end of the Qing and the beginning of the Republic), 63.
- 5.
Deng Shi, “Renzhong duli” 人种独立, Jiming fengyulou dulishu 鸡鸣风雨楼独立书, in Zhengyi tongbao 政艺通报, no. 23 (1903). A similar idea can be seen in Yao Guang 姚光, “Guoxue baocunlun” 国学保存论 (Theory of the preservation of guoxue), in Guoxue de lishi 国学的历史 (The History of Guoxue), 96.
- 6.
Xu Shouwei 许守微, “Lun guocui wuzu yu Ouhua” 论国粹无阻于欧化 (On nationalism not preventing Europeanization), in Guoxue de lishi 国学的历史 (The History of Guoxue), 60.
- 7.
Deng Shi, “Guxue fuxinglun” 古学复兴论 (Theory of the revitalization of ancient learning), in Guoxue de lishi 国学的历史 (The History of Guoxue), 70.
- 8.
Deng Shi, “Guoxue jinlun” 国学今论 The New Theory of Guoxue, in Guoxue de lishi 国学的历史 (The History of Guoxue), 49.
- 9.
Xu Zhiheng 许之衡, “Du guocui xuebao gan yan” 读国粹学报感言 (Feelings while reading the Guocuixue Journal), in Guoxue de lishi 国学的历史 (The History of Guoxue), 56.
- 10.
Huang Jie, “Guocuixue baoxu,” 18.
- 11.
Liang Qichao 梁启超, “Lun Zhongguo xueshu sixiang bianqian zhi dashi” 论中国学术思想变迁之大势 (On the greater propensity of changes in the academic thought of Chinese guoxue), in Yinbingshi heji 饮冰室合集, collection seven, 3.
- 12.
Deng Shi, “Guoxue jiangxi ji,” 81.
- 13.
Liang Qichao, “Xinhai Geming qian shinian shi lun xuanji” 辛亥革命前十年时论选集 (Collected selection of theories during the first ten years of the Xinhai Revolution), in Xin min shuo 新民说 (Doctrine of renewing the people), vol. 1, 122.
- 14.
Sang Bing 桑兵, “Wan Qing Mingui shiqi de guoxue” 晚清民国时期的国学 (Guoxue in the Late Qing and Early Republic period), in Jindaishi yanjiu 近代史研究 (Research of Modern History), no. 1 (1977).
- 15.
Deng Shi, “Dong Xiyang er da wenming” 东西洋二大文明 (The Two Great Civilizations of the East and West), in Renyan zhengyi congshu – zhengxue wenbian 壬寅政艺丛书·政学文编, vol. 5 (Taibei: Wenhai Chubanshe, 1976), 185–186.
- 16.
Xu Shouwei, “Lun guocui wuzu yu Ouhua,” 61.
- 17.
Zhang Taiyan, Chongkan guyun biaozhun xu 重刊古韵标准序, Yinduren lun guocui 印度人论国粹 (Hindu people on nationalism), in Zhang Taiyan quanji 章太炎全集 (Collected works of Zhang Taiyan), vol. 4 (Shanghai: Renmin Chubanshe, 1985), 203, 366.
- 18.
“Guoxue jiangxi hui xu” 国学讲习会序 (Foreword to the Seminar on Guoxue), in Guoxue de lishi 国学的历史 (The History of Guoxue), 77.
- 19.
Zheng Shiqu 郑师渠, Wan-Qing Guocuipai 晚清国粹派 (Late Qing Nationalists) (Beijing: Beijing Shifan Daxue Chubanshe, 1997), 321.
- 20.
“Guogu he kexue de jingshen” 国故和科学的精神 (National Heritage and the Spirit of Science) by Mao Zishui 毛子水, in Guoxue de lishi 国学的历史 (The History of Guoxue), 142.
- 21.
Ibid., 143.
- 22.
Ibid., 144.
- 23.
Zhang Taiyan said, “The minor study and history of China, these two constitute the learning that is uniquely Chinese and is not common [to the rest of the world],” in, Zhang Taiyan zhenglun xuanji 章太炎政论选集 (Selected Writings of Zhang Taiyan’s Political Theory), (Shanghai: Renmin Chubanshe, 1985), p. 259.
- 24.
This is the main aim of the Guoju yuekan she 国故月刊社 (National Heritage Monthly Periodical).
- 25.
In Dongnan University’s shidi xuebao 史地学报 (Journal of Historical Geography), vol. 2, no. 4 (1923), there is a passage that states, “the meaning of guoxue as a name is originally hard to define; to talk of it with respect of its status in the world, it is the study of China, but to speak of it analytically it is the original academic study of China.” (p. 139).
- 26.
Wang Zichen 王缁尘, Guoxue jianghua 国学讲话 (Speaking about Guoxue), (Shanghai: Shijie Shuju, 1935), p. 1.
- 27.
Qinghua zhoukan 清华周刊 (Tsinghua Periodical), no. 360 (10-25-1925), 21–22.
- 28.
From Sun Dunheng 孙敦恒, Qinghua guoxue yanjiuyuan shi hua 清华国学研究院史话 (Speaking on the History of the Tsinghua Guoxue Research Institute), (Beijing: Qinghua Daxue Chubanshe, 2002), 15.
- 29.
Fan Baihui, “Qingnian guoxue de xuyao” 青年国学的需要 (The Needs of Young Guoxue) in Guoxue de lishi 国学的历史 (The History of Guoxue), 263.
- 30.
“Guoxue gainian yu zhongguo renwen yanjiu” 国学概念与中国人文研究 (The Concept of Guoxue and Chinese Humanities Research), Keynote Speech of the 28th Meeting of Taiwan’s “Chinese Research Institute,” see Wang Fuwang.
- 31.
Hu Shi, Guoxue jikan 国学季刊 (Guoxue Quarterly) “Issuing statement,” in Guoxue de lishi 国学的历史 (The History of Guoxue), 194.
- 32.
Mao Zishui, “Guogu he kexue de jingshen” 国故和科学的精神 (National Heritage and the Spirit of Science), in Guoxue de lishi 国学的历史 (The History of Guoxue), 194.
- 33.
Zhitang huixiang lu 知堂回想录 (Zhou Zuoren’s reflections life), (Hong Kong: Sanyu Tushu, 1980), 482.
- 34.
Lin Yutang, “Kexue yu Jingshu” 科学与经书 (Science and the Classics), in Nongbao wuzhounian jinian zengkan 晨报五周年纪念增刊, December 1st, 1923.
- 35.
To look at Gu Xiegang’s two paragraph speech, see, Yijiu erliu nian shi jici 一九二六年始词 (Words about Beginning the Periodical in 1926), in Guoxue men zhoukan 国学门周刊 (Guoxue Department Periodical), vol. 2, no. 13, p. 3.
- 36.
Mao Zishui, Hu Shi Chuan 胡适传 (Commentary on Hu Shi), quoted in Chen Yiai Zhongguo xiandai xueshu yanjiu jigou de xingqi—yi beida yanjiusuo guoxuemen wei zhongxin de tantao 中国现代学术研究机构的兴起——以北大研究所国学门为中心的探讨 (The Rise of the Institutions of Modern Chinese Academic Research—A Discussion Focusing on the Peking University Research Institute’s Guoxue Department), (Nanchang: Jiangxi Jiaoyu Chubanshe, 2002), Zhongguo xiandai xueshu yanjiu jigou de xingqi—yi beida yanjiusuo guoxuemen wei zhongxin de tantao 中国现代学术研究机构的兴起——以北大研究所国学门为中心的探讨 (The Rise of the Institutions of Modern Chinese Academic Research—A Discussion Focusing on the Peking University Research Institute’s Guoxue Department), (Nanchang: Jiangxi Jiaoyu Chubanshe, 2002), 196.
- 37.
Gongbu beida yanjiusuo jianzhang bugao 公布北大研究所简章布告 (Brief Report on the Publicization of Peking Research Institute), in Cai Yuanpei wenji 蔡元培 (Collected Texts of Cai Yuanpei), vol. 3, p. 50.
- 38.
Sun Dunheng 孙敦恒, Qinghua guoxue yanjiuyuan shi hua 清华国学研究院史话 (Speaking on the History of the Tsinghua Guoxue Research Institute), (Beijing: Qinghua Daxue Chubanshe, 2002), 26.
- 39.
Chen Yiai, Zhongguo xiandai xueshu yanjiu jigou de xingqi—yi beida yanjiusuo guoxuemen wei zhongxin de tantao 中国现代学术研究机构的兴起——以北大研究所国学门为中心的探讨 (The Rise of the Institutions of Modern Chinese Academic Research—A Discussion Focusing on the Peking University Research Institute’s Guoxue Department), (Nanchang: Jiangxi Jiaoyu Chubanshe, 2002).
- 40.
Xiao Chaoran et al. eds., Beijing daxue xiao shi 北京大学校史 (History of Peking University), (Beijing: Peking University Press, 1988), 48.
- 41.
Chen Yiai, Zhongguo xiandai xueshu yanjiu jigou de xingqi—yi beida yanjiusuo guoxuemen wei zhongxin de tantao 中国现代学术研究机构的兴起——以北大研究所国学门为中心的探讨 (The Rise of the Institutions of Modern Chinese Academic Research—A Discussion Focusing on the Peking University Research Institute’s Guoxue Department), (Nanchang: Jiangxi Jiaoyu Chubanshe, 2002), 29.
- 42.
Chen Yiai, Zhongguo xiandai xueshu yanjiu jigou de xingqi—yi beida yanjiusuo guoxuemen wei zhongxin de tantao 中国现代学术研究机构的兴起——以北大研究所国学门为中心的探讨 (The Rise of the Institutions of Modern Chinese Academic Research—A Discussion Focusing on the Peking University Research Institute’s Guoxue Department), (Nanchang: Jiangxi Jiaoyu Chubanshe, 2002), 81–89.
- 43.
“Yanjiusuo guoxuemen disici kenqin jihuishi” 研究所国学门第四次恳亲会纪事, in Guoxuemen yuekan, vol. 1, no. 1., p. 140.
- 44.
Of course they changed later one, for example, Zhang Taiyan’s early years was marked by “editing Confucius,” which included accusations against Confucius, but in his later years he took such accusations back.
- 45.
Chen Yiai, Zhongguo xiandai xueshu yanjiu jigou de xingqi—yi beida yanjiusuo guoxuemen wei zhongxin de tantao 中国现代学术研究机构的兴起——以北大研究所国学门为中心的探讨 (The Rise of the Institutions of Modern Chinese Academic Research—A Discussion Focusing on the Peking University Research Institute’s Guoxue Department), (Nanchang: Jiangxi Jiaoyu Chubanshe, 2002), 182, 205.
- 46.
Gong Pengcheng 龚鹏程, in Guoxue rumen 国学入门 (Introduction to Guoxue), thinks the Tsinghua Guoxue Institute’s class curriculum and education is close to Western and Japanese sinology, see Guoxue rumen 国学入门 (Introduction to Guoxue), (Beijing: Beijing Daxue Chubanshe, 2007), 228–229.
- 47.
About this aspect of Hu Shi continuing Zhang Taiyan’s sinology, see for reference, Chen Pingyuan’s 陈平原 Zhongguo xiandai xueshu zhi jianli 中国现代学术之建立 (The Founding of Modern Chinese Academia), (Beijing: Beijing Daxue Chubanshe, 1998), 191, 223, 224.
- 48.
The Peking University Guoxue Department, including Hu Shi, had some awareness of this and failed to develop, the reason for which is multifaceted. An important point among those facets is that the outlook of cultural enlightenment dominated the direction of the Peking University Guoxue Department, which can be seen not only in its focus on the role of ethnic customs and songs, but also in Hu Shi’s lack of confidence in traditional culture, which is also grounded in the same reason. For reference, see, Chen Lai 陈来, Qimeng pipan yu xueshu yanjiu de shuangchuang bianzou 启蒙批判与学术研究的双重变奏 (The Enlightenment’s Critique, and the Two-Fold Change of Rhythm of Academic Research), Qinghua daxue xuebao 清华大学学报 (Journal of Tsinghua University), 2010, no. 4.
- 49.
Quotation from Xia Xiaohong 夏晓红 and Wu Linghua 吴玲华 eds., Qinghua tongxue yu xueshu xinchuan 清华同学与学术薪传 (Tsinghua Classmates and the Fueling of Academia), (Beijing: Shenghuo-Dushu, Xinzhi Sanlian Shudian, 2009), 388.
- 50.
Wu Mi stated, “This institute’s so-called guoxuei, if the definition is a broad one, refers to any use of the scientific method, the results of the Western sinology, and also everything within the legitimate scope of guoxue, like the study of dialects, the study of ethnicities, Sanskrit, etc.” (“Yanjiuyuan fazhan jihua yijianshu” 研究院发展计划意见书 (Thoughts on the Plans for the Institution’s Development) in Qinghua Zhoukan 清华周刊 (Tsinghua Periodical), no. 371, 3-19-1926). However, in fact, because Hu Shi and Fu Sinian’s 傅斯年 so-called science mainly refers to natural science, Chen Yinke seems to understand science as being beyond humanities, and therefore does not accept the wording of “recomposing the national heritage with the scientific method,” thinking that this is the newer school’s or foreign students’ assertion, which naturally engenders deviations. For reference, see, Xia Xiaohong and Wu Linghua eds., Qinghua tongxue yu xueshu xinchuan 清华同学与学术薪传 (Tsinghua Classmates and the Fueling of Academia), (Beijing: Shenghuo-Dushu, Xinzhi Sanlian Shudian, 2009), 439.
- 51.
Zhou Chuanru 周传儒 in his Shixue dashi liang qichao he wang guowei 史学大师梁启超和王国维 (The Great Masters of Historiography Liang Qichao and Wang Guowei) stated, “with the riches of Tsinghua University’s facilities and with the hopeful voices of Liang Qichao and Wang Guowei, Tsinghua University’s Research Institute gradually came to surpass by wide margin the likes of Shanghai’s Hatong Academy 哈同学院, Wu Xi’s Specialized Institute of Guoxue, and even Peking University’s Research Institute. See Xia Xiaohong ed., Huiyi liang qichao 追忆梁启超 (Reminiscing Liang Qichao), 320.
- 52.
Lu Yi points out that, “Looking at what walked later into the mainstream institutes of history and philology, the biggest powerhouse was obviously the Tsinghua University Guoxue Research Institute, which set up three groups, led by Chen Yinke, Zhao Yuanren 赵元任, and Li Ji.” (Zhengli guogu yundong yu zhongguo xiandai xueshu zhuanxing 整理国故运动与中国现代学术转型 (The Sorting Out the National Heritage Movement and the Modern Academic Shift of China), (Beijing: Zhonggong Zhongyang Dangxiao Chubanshe, 2008), 89.).
- 53.
Liang Qichao in his Xianqin zhengzhi sixiangshi 先秦政治思想史 (History of Pre-Qin Political Thought) pointed out that the newness of new guoxue research is found in plunging into foreign academic methods. Liu Mengxi 刘梦溪 also showed that Peking University’s Guoxue Department is new guoxue, while Tsinghua University’s Guoxue Institute is newer guoxue in comparison with that of Peking University. See, “Lun guoxue” 论国学 (On Guoxue), in Zhongguo wenhua 中国文化 (Chinese Culture), Autumn 2006.
- 54.
See Zhongguo xiandai xueshu yanjiu jigou de xingqi—yi beida yanjiusuo guoxuemen wei zhongxin de tantao 中国现代学术研究机构的兴起——以北大研究所国学门为中心的探讨 (The Rise of the Institutions of Modern Chinese Academic Research—A Discussion Focusing on the Peking University Research Institute’s Guoxue Department), (Nanchang: Jiangxi Jiaoyu Chubanshe, 2002), 291.
- 55.
Like Huang Kan, who thought that understanding foreign texts not was definitively necessary in order to study guoxue, arguing that Wang Niansun 王念孙 did not understand a foreign language and was still a great scholar. See, Xia Xiaohong 夏晓红 and Wu Linghua 吴玲华 eds., Qinghua tongxue yu xueshu xinchuan 清华同学与学术薪传 (Tsinghua Classmates and the Fueling of Academia), (Beijing: Shenghuo-Dushu, Xinzhi Sanlian Shudian, 2009), 397.
- 56.
See Sang Bin, Wan wing min guo shiqi de guoxue yu xixue 晚清民国时期的国学与西学 (Native Chinese and Western Studies of the Late Qing and Early Republic), in Lishi yanjiu 历史研究 (Historical Research), 1996, no. 5.
- 57.
See Chen Pingyuan’s 陈平原 Zhongguo xiandai xueshu zhi jianli 中国现代学术之建立 (The Founding of Modern Chinese Academia), (Beijing: Beijing Daxue Chubanshe, 1998).
- 58.
Dun huang duosuo xu mu 敦煌掇琐叙目 Narrative of DunHuang Duosuo Xumu, in Beida guoxuemen zhoukan 北大国学门周刊 (Peking University’s Guoxue Department Periodical), no. 3, 10-28-1925.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2017 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. and SDX Joint Publishing
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Chen, L. (2017). The Rise and Development of Modern “Guoxue”. In: The Core Values of Chinese Civilization. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-3367-4_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-3367-4_4
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-10-3366-7
Online ISBN: 978-981-10-3367-4
eBook Packages: Religion and PhilosophyPhilosophy and Religion (R0)