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Graphene Metal Nanoclusters in Cutting-Edge Theranostics Nanomedicine Applications

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Advances in Biomaterials for Biomedical Applications

Part of the book series: Advanced Structured Materials ((STRUCTMAT,volume 66))

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Abstract

The major breakthrough of graphene in 2004 has paved the way for various approaches to synthesize graphene and its derivatives for biomedical applications. With the interest in graphene as a cargo in drug delivery, the exploration has slowly shifted to metal-graphene materials as fluorescent probes. Metals such as Cu, Au, Fe, Ce and etc., have been incorporated into graphene for various applications such as sensing and imaging. With the success of graphene—metal nanoparticles (NPs), its more recently discovered counterpart, graphene—metal nanoclusters (NCs) has gained much interest lately. Loosely defined, NCs are a cluster of NPs with sizes of 1–20 nm with a narrow size distribution, which endows it with unique electronic properties compared to metal NPs. NCs are size-dependent fluorescent materials with good photostability. They have been largely investigated in biosensing, diagnosis and therapy applications, a term coined as theranostics. In more recent applications, graphene metal NCs were stabilized with protein biomarkers for targeted sensing of cancer cells and diseases. Smart delivery system allows diagnosis, imaging and targeted therapy simultaneously. This chapter focusses on the synthesis and biomedical applications of graphene—metal NCs with a detailed discussion on their properties and applications in the biomedical field. A brief description on the toxicity is addressed as well, together with future considerations for possible applications of graphene—metal NCs clinically.

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Abbreviations

2D:

Two dimensional

3D:

Three-dimensional

Ag:

Silver

Au:

Gold

CT:

Computed tomography

CTAB:

Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide

CVD:

Chemical vapour deposition

D:

Diffusion coefficient

DFT:

Density functional theory

DOS:

Density of states

Dox:

Doxorubicin

Gd:

Gadolinium

GO:

Graphene oxide

HREELS:

High-resolution electron energy loss spectrometer

HRTEM:

High-resolution transmission electron microscopy

IC50 :

Half-inhibitory concentration

IONP:

Iron oxide nanoparticles

LD50 :

Lethal dose 50%

LDH:

Lactate dehydrogenase

LEED:

Low energy electron diffraction

MMP:

Metalloproteinase-9

Mn:

Manganese

MR:

Magnetic resonance

MTT:

(3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide)

MUA:

Mercaptoundecanoic acid

NCs:

Nanoclusters

NIR:

Near Infrared

NOAEL:

No observed adverse effect level

NPs:

Nanoparticles

PET:

Positron emission tomography

PMA:

Phorbol myristate acetate

PM-IRAS:

Polarization modulation infrared reflection absorption spectrometer

PVP:

Polyvinyl-pyrrolidone

QUAMBO:

Quasi-atom minimal basis orbitals

RGO:

Reduced graphene oxide

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

RT:

Room temperature

STM:

Scanning tunneling microscopy

TEM:

Transmission electron microscopy

TOAB:

Tetraoctylammonium bromide

UHV:

Ultrahigh vacuum

UV:

Ultra-violet

XPS:

X-ray photo-electron microscopy

XRD:

X-ray diffraction

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank the University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus for the Internal Grant (UNR20007).

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  1. Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials (NATAM), Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus (UNMC), 43500, Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia

    Kasturi Muthoosamy, RenuGeetha Bai & Sivakumar Manickam

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  1. Kasturi Muthoosamy
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  2. RenuGeetha Bai
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  3. Sivakumar Manickam
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Correspondence to Sivakumar Manickam .

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  1. Nuclear Agriculture & Biotechnology Div, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India

    Anuj Tripathi

  2. Nuclear Agriculture & Biotechnology Div, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India

    Jose Savio Melo

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Muthoosamy, K., Bai, R., Manickam, S. (2017). Graphene Metal Nanoclusters in Cutting-Edge Theranostics Nanomedicine Applications. In: Tripathi, A., Melo, J. (eds) Advances in Biomaterials for Biomedical Applications. Advanced Structured Materials, vol 66. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-3328-5_11

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