Abstract
This chapter entails that recently the EU is facing a number of political and economic challenges. Very first time in EU’s whole history, it faces a strong Eurosceptic and anti-integration wave in different EU countries. Furthermore, high rate of unemployment, emergence of ISIS at the border of Turkey, refugee and migration crisis, Greek debt crisis, re-emergence of Russia, increased number of terrorist attacks in the Central European member states, and above all UK referendum as Brexit and vote of Britons for leaving EU were considerable issues for this bloc.
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Notes
- 1.
Vallée, Shahin. 2015. “How the Greek Deal Could Destroy the Euro,” New York Times, July 27. (Vallée 2015)
- 2.
As quoted in Higgins, Andrew and Smale, Alison. 2015. “With Loan Deadline Looming, Europe Offers Greece a Last-Minute Deal,” New York Times, June 29. (Higgins and Smale 2015)
- 3.
Kanter, James. 2016. “Eurozone Agrees to Debt Relief and Bailout Aid for Greece,” New York Times, May 24. (Kanter 2016)
- 4.
- 5.
UN High Commissioner for Refugees, Refugee/Migrants Emergency Response-Mediterranean, at http://data.unhcr.org/mediterranean/regional.php
- 6.
Erlanger, Steven and Kanter, James. 2015. “Plan on Migrants Strain the Limits of Europe’s Unity,” New York Times, September 22. (Erlanger and Kanter 2015)
- 7.
European Commission Press Release. 2016. “Back to Schengen: Commission Takes Next Steps Toward Lifting of Temporary Internal Border Controls,” May 4. (European Commission Press Release 2016).
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Kern, Soeren 2016. “Germany: Migrant Rape Crisis Worsens. Public Spaces Are Becoming Perilous for Women and Children,” Gatestone Institute, International Policy Council, Accessed 5 March, https://www.gatestoneinstitute.org/7557/germany-rape-migrants-crisis. (Kern 2016)
- 9.
Yardley, Jim. 2016. “Sexual Attacks Widen Divisions in European Migration Crisis,” New York Times, January 13. (Yardley 2016)
- 10.
- 11.
European Commission. 2015. “European Agenda on Migration”, Brussels, 13 May, COM (2015) 240 final. Accessed http://ec.europa.eu/dgs/home-affairs/what-we-do/policies/european-agenda-migration/background-information/docs/communication_on_the_european_agenda_on_migration_en.pdf. (European Commission 2015)
- 12.
“European Union: Refugee Response Falls Short” 27 January 2016. Accessed https://www.hrw.org/news/2016/01/27/european-union-refugee-response-falls-short.
- 13.
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Archick, Kristin. 2016. “The European Union: Current Challenges and Future Prospects,” Congressional Research Service, 21th June, Accessed, https://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R44249.pdf. (Archick 2016)
- 17.
- 18.
“Turning Right,” Economist, 4 January 2014; Steven Erlanger, “Rise of Far-Right Party in Denmark Reflects Europe’s Unease,” New York Times, 19 June 2015 (Erlanger 2015); “Poland Tries Populism,” Wall Street Journal, 26 October 2015.
- 19.
- 20.
- 21.
Borger, Julian and Wintour, Patrick. 2016. “Russia and Iran Delight in UK’s Rejection of EU”, The Guardian, 24 June, http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2016/jun/24/russia-and-iran-delighted-at-uks-rejection-of-eu. (Borger and Wintour 2016)
- 22.
Bond, Ian et al. 2016. “Europe after Brexit: Unleashed or Undone?” Center for European Reform, April, 2016. Accessed by https://www.cer.org.uk/sites/default/files/pb_euafterBrexit_15april2016.pdf. (Bond 2016)
- 23.
Rumer, Wallander, “Power” p. 59. In Siczek, Krzyszt of. 2011. “The Resur-gence of Russia and Its Relations with Europe: A True Transformation or a Superficial Change?” Interstate – Journal of International Affairs, 2011(1), 1–2. (Rumer 2011)
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`The Economist, “Russia: Country Forecast Summary,” http://www.economist.com/node/12791283; Accessed 27/10/2011. (Economist 2011)
- 25.
Kuchins, “Alternative 2017”. p. 27; In Siczek, Krzyszt. 2011. “The Resur-gence of Russia and Its Relations with Europe: A True Transformation or a Superficial Change?” Interstate – Journal of International Affairs, 2011(1): 1–2 (Siczek 2011)
- 26.
Cottey, A. 2007. New Europe. Basingstoke: Macmillan, 2007, p. 105. (Cottey 2007)
- 27.
Duleba, A. 2009. “EU-Russia Relations: The State of Affairs” in A. Duleba (ed.), Searching For New Momentum in EU-Russia Relations. Bratislava: Research Center of the Slovak Foreign Policy Association, p. 21. (Duleba 2009)
- 28.
Stephen Larrabee, F., Wilson, Peter A., Gordon IV, John. 2015. The Ukrainian Crisis and European Security. Santa Monica: Rand Corporation, p. 1, Accessed byhttp://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/research_reports/RR900/RR903/RAND_RR903.pdf (Larrabee et al. 2015)
- 29.
All figures in 2011 prices and exchange rates. Data from SIPRI Military Expenditure Database. Accessed byhttp://www.sipri.org/research/armaments/milex/milex_database/milex-data-1988-2014.
- 30.
The revised Russian budget, released in April 2015, would put defence spending at 9 % of GDP. This sparked debate among defence analysts about whether such a high level of defence spending was sustainable. See Guriev, Sergei. “Russia’s Indefensible Military Budget,” Project Syndicate, 14 May, 2015. Accessed by http://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/russia-military-spending-by-sergei-guriev-2015–05; Accessed 14/05/15 (Guriev 2015); or Adomeit, Hannes. 2015. “Russlands Imperialer Irrweg,” Osteuropa, 3/2015, 67–93. http://www.osteuropa.dgo-online.org/hefte/2015/3/russlands-imperialer-irrweg/ (Adomeit 2015)
- 31.
Gressel, Gustav. 2015. “Russia’s Quiet Military Revolution, and What It Means for Europe,” Brief Policy, Council of Foreign Relations, Accessed by http://www.ecfr.eu/page/-/Russias_Quiet_Military_Revolution.pdf (Gressel 2015)
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Patten, Chris. 2003. A Security Strategy for Europe”, Oxford Journal on Good Governance 1, Oxford (Patten 2003)
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International Conference. 2005. Civil Perspective or Security Strategy: European Development Policy Confronting New Challenges in Foreign Security Policy, Berlin, 23 November 2004. Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung, Berlin, 2005
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Council of the European Union. 2005. “The European Union Counter-Terrorism Strategy: Prevent, Protect, Pursue, Respond”. 14469/4/05 REV 4, Brussels, 30 November. (Council of the European Union 2005)
- 36.
- 37.
Héritier, Adrienne. 1996. “The Accommodation of Diversity in European Policy Making and Its Outcomes: Regulatory Policy as a Patchwork”, Journal of European Public Policy 3(2), 149–167 (Héritier 1996)
- 38.
Putnam, Robert D. 1988. “Diplomacy and Domestic Politics: The Logic of Two-Level Games”, International Organization, 42(3), 427–460. (Putnam 1988)
- 39.
Müngersdorff, Maximilian. 2009. “Evaluating EU Decision-Making Processes” Working Paper, Stockholm Environment Institute, Kräftriket. http://www.sei-international.org/mediamanager/documents/Publications/Sustainable-livelihoods/Evaluating-EU-WP-100319.pdf; Accessed ön 10/09/2011 (Müngersdorff 2009)
- 40.
Peters, B.G. 1992. “Bureaucratic Politics and the Institutions of the European Community”, in A. Sbragia (ed.), Europolitics. Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution, 75–122 (Peters 1992)
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Hussain, M. (2017). Contemporary Challenges for EU. In: The European Union. Palgrave Macmillan, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-2884-7_7
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-2884-7_7
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