Abstract
Among the 55 Chinese ethnic minorities, Korean minority is selected as the case mainly due to its representativeness in education achievement and rich experience of socialization within China. Korean minority is a comparatively peaceful and small minority group, to argue about citizenship identity development of minority in China with this case faces some natural questioning of its representativeness in general and validity in indicating further understanding of other minorities. There are mainly several reasons that explain why Korean minority is an interesting and inspiring case for us to explore in order to understand Chinese minorities’ citizenship identity.
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Notes
- 1.
Among them, Zhuang and Manchu are the two ethnicities with population over 10 million, Hui population is more than 9 million, Miao, Uyghur, and Tujia population is over 8 million, Yi population is over 7 million, Mongol and Tibetan population is more than 5 million, and Buyi, Dong, Korean minority population is within 1–3 million.
- 2.
Other major sampling criteria include the need for a quick decision, no need for a representative sample, no need to make statistical inferences from the sample, research project is not highly important, no need to minimize selection bias, difficult to gain access or locate population elements, resources (i.e., time, money, personnels, etc.) being extremely limited, low skill level of personnel, sampling frame is not available, important to use easy operational procedures and extremely small sample size targeted. In Daniel (2011).
- 3.
This region is often referred to as Dongbei in China, and widely known as Manchuria by the Western world.
- 4.
Data obtained/accessed on the website of the State Ethnic Affairs Commission of the People’s Republic of China on February 20th, 2013.
- 5.
Data interpreted and calculated from the raw data on the website of the State Ethnic Affairs Commission of the People’s Republic of China on February 20th, 2013.
- 6.
Chinese Ethnicity (newspaper) on 07 January 2003.
- 7.
Establishment of 193 Minority Autonomous Towns, Yunnan 1989 Statistics Yearbook.
- 8.
Figure produced by the author, with original data from Xu and Jiang (2009).
- 9.
There are five minority autonomous regions in China, namely Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, Tibet Autonomous Region, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region.
- 10.
There are thirty minority prefectures in nine provinces of People’s Republic of China, namely Yunnan Province: Dali Bai Minority Autonomous Prefecture, Diqing Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Honghe Hani and Yi Minority Autonomous Prefecture, Xishuangbanna Dai Minority Autonomous Prefecture, Dehong Dai and Jingpo Minority Autonomous Prefecture, Wenshan Zhuang and Miao Minority Autonomous Prefecture, Chuxiong Yi Minority Autonomous Prefecture, Nujiang Lisu Minority Autonomous Prefecture; Gansu Province: Gannan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Linxia Hui Minority Autonomous Prefecture; Qinghai Province: Haibei Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Hainan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Huangnan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Haixi Mongol and Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Yushu Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Guoluo Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture; Xinjiang Province: Bo’ertala Mongol Autonomous Prefecture, Kizilsu Autonomous Prefecture, Yili Kazak Autonomous Prefecture, Changji Hui Minority Autonomous Prefecture, Byingol Mongol Autonomous Prefecture; Sichuan Province: Aba Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture, Ganzi Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Liangshan Yi Minority Autonomous Prefecture; Guizhou Province: Qiandongnan Miao and Dong Minority Autonomous Prefecture, Qiannan Buyi and Miao Minority Autonomous Prefecture, Qianxinan Buyi and Miao Minority Autonomous Prefecture; Hunan Province: Xiangxi Tujia and Miao Minority Autonomous Prefecture; Jilin Province: Yanbian Korean Minority Autonomous Prefecture; Hubei Province: Enshi Tujia and Miao Minority Autonomous Prefecture.
- 11.
They are Yanbian Financial College, Yanbian Industrial College, Yanbian Physical Education College, Yanbian Sanitary College, Yanbian Art College, Yanbian Forestry College, Yanji Vocational College, Yanji International Cooperation College, Yanji Foreign Language Vocational College, Yanji Changbai Vocational College, Yanbian Sino-Korean Vocational College, Yanbian Modern Vocational Technology College, Yanbian University, Jilin TV Broadcasting University—Yanbian Campus, Yanbian Employment College, Yanbian Liming Peasant University, Yanbian University—Normal Education Campus, Yanbian Retirement University, Yanbian Retired Cadre University.
- 12.
Yanji City Propaganda Department of Chinese Communist Party. Yanji People Handbook (Yanji: Yanbian Renmin Press, 2009), p. 89.
- 13.
“211 Project”, which means the 100 universities and star disciplines or star programs facing the twenty-first century, is an important strategic project initiated by the Chinese Education Ministry around 1999. This project has led to three structural change of university within the Chinese university system. The universities entered this project could receive more financial aids and the administration of them is conducted on provincial and national levels separately. The acceptance of new universities to this list was closed in 2011. Covering most of the minority regions, there are Inner Mongolia University, Tibetan University, Xinjiang University, Yunnan University, Guizhou University, Qinghai University, Lanzhou University, Ningxia University, Guangxi University. Yanbian University is the only one established on the minority prefectural administrative level.
- 14.
Interview with Prof. L. on April 6th, 2012.
- 15.
Founded on November 16th, 1952, Yanbian No.1 Middle School is included as the 20 star middle and elementary schools in China in 1978. Currently there are 53 teaching classes and more than 3000 registered students.
- 16.
Interview with Prof. L. on April 6th, 2012.
- 17.
Email interview with Prof. L. on April 22nd, 2013.
- 18.
The twelve affiliated research institutes are namely Research Center of Gender Studies, Research Institute of Linguistic Studies, Research Center of Pharmaceutical Development, Research Institute of Fine Chemicals, Research Center of Higher Education Reform and Development, Field Research Base of Northeast Border Areas Situation, Key Laboratory of Changbai Mountain’s Biological Resources and Functional Molecules Funded by the Education Ministry, Research Center of Chinese-Korean-Japanese Comparative Studies, Research Institute of Northeast Asian Studies, Research Center of North-South Korean Comparative Studies, Research Institute of Minorities and Ethnicities, Research Center of Asian Studies.
- 19.
Another school within Yanbian University which is fully funded by South Korean enterprises, in 2004 Yanbian University established the Party Committee within this school, accessed through http://www.ybust.edu.cn/intro.php June 23, 2013.
- 20.
I visited three main cities allowing foreigners to legally visit at that time, which are namely Pyongyang, Shin Eui Ju, and Gae Seong.
- 21.
By the end of 2012, Tongda Corporation in China and South Korean company Delin Niuzun Corporation have co-invested 1.1Â billion RMB to build the biggest Korean-style Urban Commercial Commplex in the city of Tangshan, which is expected to be completed in 2013 and become the biggest Korean town in China.
- 22.
Interview with Prof. W on October 3rd, 2012.
- 23.
Data obtained from the official website of Korean.Net (Overseas Compatriot Foundation) http://cafe.naver.com/overseaskoreans.cafe?iframe_url=/ArticleRead.nhn%3Farticleid=1329 and (accessed 22 April 2013).
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Yu, M. (2017). A Methodological Framework to Access Citizenship Identity Development and Journey in the Field. In: Instrumental Autonomy, Political Socialization, and Citizenship Identity. Governance and Citizenship in Asia. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-2694-2_4
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