Abstract
Carcinogenesis is an extensive and multistep process involving initiation where initiated cell is formed and selected. Promotion is a step where initiated cell is selectively expanded. Progression occurs as a result of an imbalance between cell proliferation and apoptosis which further leads to invasion and metastasis. For the development from initiated cells to malignant tumors, many genetic and epigenetic events are necessary to exhibit one or another type of growth advantage leading to progressive alteration of normal human cells into cancer cells (Salvador 2012). Many remarkable preneoplastic mutations result in upregulation of oncogenes (e.g., myc, ras, abl, bcl-2) or downregulation of tumor suppressor genes (e.g., p53, Rb) which confers advantage of selective growth or survival to the cell.
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Rashid, S. (2017). Carcinogenesis. In: Cancer and Chemoprevention: An Overview. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-2579-2_5
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-2579-2_5
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