From Dutch Taiwan to Zheng Taiwan

Wong, Young-tsu

doi:10.1007/978-981-10-2248-7_5

From Dutch Taiwan to Zheng Taiwan

Young-tsu Wong²

Chapter
First Online: 06 August 2017

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Abstract

The island of Taiwan lying barely one hundred miles from the Fujian coast on Mainland China had been left out from the world of seaborne commerce until the seventeenth century. China’s trade with other Asian and even Arab countries had already boomed since the seventh century, but the lucrative trade routes normally bypassed the island on the westside of the strait. Even the great sea voyages commanded by Zheng He 郑和 in the fifteenth century stopped at Taiwan rather accidentally. Taiwan, with the exception of Penghu, had been by and large remained in its dark age before the arrival of the Chinese and Europeans in the sixteenth century. It had been an aboriginal island par excellence for a long time.

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Notes

1.
Fan Ye, Hou Hanshu, juan 115, p. 288.
2.
Suishu, vol. 5, p. 1519.
3.
Chen Maoren, Quannan zazhi, p. 851.
4.
Wang Dayuan, Daoyi zhilue, cited in Zhao Rushi, Zhufan zhi, pp. 75–76.
5.
Hu Jianwei, Penghu jilue, vol. 1, p. 113.
6.
Xu Fuyuan, “Shutong haijin shu,” vol. 2, pp. 176–180.
7.
Cf. Mateo ed., The Spaniards in Taiwan, vol. 1, pp. 1–15.
8.
See Fang Hao, Taiwan caoqi shigang, p. 164.
9.
See Zhang Chonggen, “Zhou Ying Dongfan ji kaozheng,” pp. 307–18.
10.
Shen Yourong Minhai zengyan, pp. 21–22.
11.
See Campbell, Taiwan under the Dutch Rule, p. 27.
12.
Ming Qing shiliao yibian, vol. 7, p. 606; Mingshi liezhuan, p. 211.
13.
Campbell, Taiwan under the Dutch Rule, pp. 495–496.
14.
See Andrade, Taiwan Became Chinese, chapter 6, especially, pp. 118–19. Andrade also notes that the Chinese settlers took the blame of the Dutch policy to deplete the aboriginal resources, see p. 182.
15.
Badaweiya cheng riji, p. 90.
16.
cf. Yang Yanjie, ”Yiliuwuling zhi yiliuliuer nian Zheng Chenggong haiwai maoyi de maoyi’e he lirun’e gusuan,” pp. 124–25.
17.
K. Glamann, Dutch-Asiatic Trade 1620–1740, pp. 113–114.
18.
Campbell, Formosa under the Dutch, p. 53.
19.
See Weng Jiayin “Shiqishiji de fulao haishang,” p. 59.
20.
See De VOC en Formosa, p. 78.
21.
De VOC en Formosa, p. 83.
22.
De VOC en formosa, pp. 88–89.
23.
Lin Weisheng, “Helan shiqi dongYindu gongsi zai Taiwan de maoyi,” pp. 229–31, 235; cf. Jiang Risheng, Taiwan waiji, vol. 1, p. 31.
24.
Batavia Daily, vol. 1, pp. 212, 234, 235, 258–59, 277–80.
25.
Cao Yonghe, Taiwan caoqi lishi yanjiu, pp. 180–209.
26.
Batavia Daily, vol. 2, p. 115.
27.
See Relanzhe cheng rizhi, vol. 3, p. 103.
28.
Andrade, How Taiwan Became Chinese, p. 108.
29.
See Lai Yongxiang, Taiwanshi yanjiu chuji, pp. 15–17; cf. Lian Heng, Taiwan tongshi, vol. 1, pp. 19–20.
30.
Badaweiya cheng riji, p. 67.
31.
See Badaweiya cheng riji, p. 88.
32.
See Rilanzhe cheng rizhi, vol. 3, p. 103.
33.
See Rilanzhe cheng rizhi, vol. 3, p. 181.
34.
See Bai Di, Yuandong guoji fengyun renwu Zheng Chenggong, p. 81.
35.
Cf. Liu Gengsheng, “shiqi shiji Helan yuyu Zhongguo maoyi bing heli gongTai de jingguo,” pp. 33–34.
36.
Badaweiya cheng riji, p. 171.
37.
See Campbell, Formosa under the Dutch Rule, p. 384.
38.
Cited in Andrade, How Taiwan Became Chinese, p. 159.
39.
Johannes Huber, “Chinese Settlers Against the Dutch East India Company: The Rebellion Led by Kuo Huai-I on Taiwan in 1652,” p. 283.
40.
Lai Yongxiang, “Guo Huaiyi quHe geming de yi jilu,” p. 160.
41.
See Rilanzhe cheng rizhi, vol. 3, p. 285.
42.
See Huber, “Chinese Settlers against the Dutch East India Company,” pp. 265–96. Cf. Fan Shengxiong, “Guo Huaiyi kangHe shijian san didian shitan,” pp. 94–95, 98–99.
43.
Cf. Campbell, Formosa under the Dutch Rule, pp. 386, 459–460; Lai Yongxiang, “Guo Huaiyi quHe geming de yi jilu”, pp. 164–166; Wu Fa, Taiwan lishi zhaji, pp. 105–110. Badaweiya cheng riji, p. 113 says approximately 9000 or 10,000 Chinese were slaughtered.
44.
See de Beauclair, ed. Neglected Formosa, p. 16.
45.
Badaweiya cheng riji, p. 113.
46.
See Huber, “Chinese Settlers Against the Dutch East India Company,” pp. 290–291.
47.
Campbell, Formosa under the Dutch Rule, pp. 388, 462.
48.
See Relanzhe cheng rizhi, vol. 3, p. 286.
49.
Yang Yanjie,” Yiliuwuling zhi yiliuliuer nian Zheng Chenggong haiwai maoyi de maoyi'e he lirun'e gusuan,” pp. 231–33.
50.
In his letter, Zheng wrote the Dutch in Dayuan “consider our people to be nothing but meat and fish that one can eat…This makes my blood hot, and I am very angry,” See VOC 1218, pp. 419–20. Here Zheng used a common Chinese metaphor yurou renmin (cut up people like fish and meat) to refer to extreme oppression.
51.
See Relanzhe cheng rizhi, vol. 3, pp. 559–60.
52.
See Yang Yanjie, Heju shidai Taiwanshi, p. 271.
53.
Badaweiya cheng riji, p. 149.
54.
See Yang Ying, Yanpingwang huguan Yang Ying Congzheng shilu, p. 87.
55.
See Relanzhe cheng rizhi, vol. 3, p. 312.
56.
Zeelandia Dagregisters, vol. 4, B, p. 159 cited in Andrade, Taiwan Became Chinese, pp. 229–30.
57.
Great Mandarin Koxinga to Frederick Coyett, president of Formosa, translation of letter, 5 August 1657, VOC 1222, pp. 518–19. That Andrade suspects that this letter was forged by He Bin is unwarranted. It fits Zheng’s needs at the time. As for the phrase in the letter “under your rule does not appear to fit Zheng Chenggong’s perspective, which increasingly viewed Taiwan as part of his sphere of sovereignty” (Taiwan Became Chinese, p. 231) could well be language barrier in translation.
58.
Zeelandia Dagregisters, vol. 4, B, pp. 224–26 cited in Andrade, Taiwan Became Chinese, p. 231.
59.
Yang Yanjie, Heju shidai Taiwanshi, p. 275, note 79. Cf. Andrade, How Taiwan Became Chinese, pp. 233–34.
60.
Letter cited in Badaweiya cheng riji, p. 191.
61.
Zhengshi shiliao xubian, vol. 10, pp. 1251–1264; Zhengshi shiliao sanbian, vol. 1, pp. 3–6.
62.
Yang Ying, Congsheng shilu, p. 185.
63.
Zhang Huangyan, Zhang Cangshui shiwenj, vol. 1, pp. 30–31.
64.
The poem is one of four stanzas entitled “thoughts on recent events”, See Zhang Huangyan, Zhang Cangshui shiwenj, vol. 1, p. 161.
65.
Huang Zongxi, Cixing shimo, p. 7.
66.
Li Zhenhua, Zhang Cangshui zhuan, pp. 226–27.
67.
de Beauclair, Neglected Formosa, pp. xv, 17, 21–25.
68.
See Campbell, Formosa under the Dutch, p. 400.
69.
Ruan Minxi, haishang jianwenlu, p. 44.
70.
Beauclair, Neglected Formosa, pp. 30–39; Badaweiya cheng riji, p. 15, 175–78.
71.
See Chen Zaizheng, “Ju Qingdai dang’an kaoding Zheng Chenggong shishi shier ze,” pp. 34–35.
72.
The modern historian Zhu Xizu who based on Yang Ying’s record reached this conclusion, see Zhu Xizu, “Yangpingwang huguan Yang Ying congzheng shilu xu, p. 6.
73.
See Yang Ying, Yanpingwang huguan Yang Ying congzheng shilu, pp. 148–49.
74.
Yang Ying, Yanpingwang huguan Yang Ying congzheng shilu, pp. 148–49; Yang Ying, Congzheng shilu, pp. 184–185; Yu Zhongxin Ming Yanpingwang Taiwan haiguo ji, pp. 69–70.
75.
Campbell, Formosa under the Dutch Rule, pp. 389–390; de Beauclair, Neglected Formosa, p. 20.
76.
Yang Yanjie, Heju shidai Taiwanshi, pp. 277–78.
77.
Cf. Chen Bisheng, Zheng Chenggong lishi yanjiu, pp. 99–106.
78.
See Chen Zaizheng, Taiwan haijiangshi yanjiu, p. 34. The Dutch source gives the number of Zheng’s men at 11,700 in thirteen groups, see Badaweiya cheng riji, p. 250. See also Deng Kongzhao, Zheng Chenggong yu MingZheng Taiwanshi yanjiu, pp. 10–11.
79.
Yang Ying, Congzheng shilu, p. 245.
80.
Chen Bisheng, Zheng Chenggong lishi yanjiu, p. 9.
81.
Yang Ying, Yanpingwang huguan Yang Ying Congzheng shilu, p. 150; Chen Guoqiang, “Zheng Chenggong shoufu Taiwan de shijian wenti,” p. 363; Lai Yongxiang, MingZheng yanjiu congji, vol. 2, pp. 8–10; Yan Xing, “Zheng Chenggong zhi keTai ji denglu didian kao,” pp. 31–34: Weng Jiayin, “chongmi Zheng Chenggong dajun denglu de wutai,” pp. 281, 282, 284–86. More specifically, the Dutch gave the time of invasion at 6 a.m. 30 April 1661, see Badaweiya cheng riji, p. 254.
82.
Campbell, Formosa under the Dutch Rule, pp. 412–419.
83.
Cf. Andrade, How Taiwan Became Chinese, p. 241.
84.
Campbell, Formosa under the Dutch Rule, pp. 1903, 420–421; Badaweiya cheng riji, pp. 254–56.
85.
Campbell, Formosa under the Dutch Rule, pp. 414–415, 426–433; Beauclair ed., Neglected Formosa, pp. 45–48; Badaweiya cheng riji, pp. 16–17, 18.
86.
Cited in, Badaweiya cheng riji, p. 256.
87.
Beauclair ed., Neglected Formosa, pp. 46–48; Badaweiya cheng riji, pp. 256–57.
88.
Beauclair ed., Neglected Formosa, p. 45.
89.
Beauclair ed., Neglected Formosa, p. 46.
90.
Badaweiya cheng riji, pp. 205–06, 229.
91.
Campbell, Formosa under the Dutch Rule, p. 420; Beauclair ed., Neglected Formosa, p. 51.
92.
Badaweiya cheng riji, p. 17.
93.
Badaweiya cheng riji, p. 256.
94.
See Badaweiya cheng riji, p. 258.
95.
Cited in Zheng Chenggong shoufu Taiwan shiliao xuanbian, pp. 153–154; Badaweiya cheng riji, pp. 258–61.
96.
See de Beauclair, the Neglected Formosa, pp. 49, 52, 53, 54–55.
97.
Cf. Badaweiya cheng riji, pp. 262–67.
98.
Beauclair, the Neglected Formosa, p. 59. Badaweiya cheng riji, p. 268.
99.
Ruan Minxi, Haishang jianwen lu, p. 45; cf. Badaweiya cheng riji, pp. 269–70.
100.
Badaweiya cheng riji, p. 271.
101.
Badaweiya cheng riji, pp. 222–23.
102.
Cf. de Beauclair ed., Neglected Formosa, pp. 74, 132–33; Badaweiya cheng riji, pp. 21–22; 283–88, 293.
103.
Badaweiya cheng riji, p. 290.
104.
de Beauclair, the Neglected Formosa, p. 80, cf. pp. 77–79.
105.
Andrade, How Taiwan Became Chinese, p. 244.
106.
See Yang Ying, Yanpingwang huguan Yang Ying chongzheng shilu, p. 155.
107.
See Jiang Risheng, Taiwan waiji, p. 167.
108.
Cf. Campbell, Formosa under the Dutch rule, pp. 425–458; Xie Guozhen, Nan-Ming shilue, p. 206; Boxer, “The Siege of Fort Zeelandia and the Capture of Formosa from the Dutch,” pp. 15–42.
109.
de Beauclair, the Neglected Formosa, pp. 85–86; Zhu Jieqin, “Shiqishiji Zhongguo renmin fankang Helan qinlue de douzheng,” pp. 28–29; Badaweiya cheng riji, pp. 22–23.
110.
Chen Zaizheng, Taiwan haijiangshi yanjiu, p. 36.
111.
For the poem entitled ““Recover Taiwan,” see “Yanping erwang ji,” p. 128.
112.
Cf. Guo Tingyi, Taiwaan lishi gaishu, pp.55–64; Yin Zhangyi, Taiwan kaifashi yanjiu, pp. 1–28.
113.
Yang Yanjie,”Zheng Chenggong bing’e yu junliang wenti,” p. 12.
114.
Campbell, Formosa under the Dutch Rule, p. 70; Fang Hao, “You Shunzhi banian Fujian wuwei shiti lun Zhengshi kangQing de zhuli,” vol. 1, pp. 956–62.
115.
For a monographic study of the subject see Zhuang Yingzhang, Linyipu, pp. 26–27.
116.
See Jiang Risheng, Taiwan waiji, pp. 242, 279.
117.
See the study of Chen Kongli, Qingdai Taiwan yimin shehui yanjiu, pp. 88–89.
118.
For Zheng’s Manila adventure see Bai Di, Yuandong guoji fengyun renwu Zheng Chenggong, pp. 107–09.
119.
Liu Xianting, Guangyang zaji xuan, p. 21.
120.
See Zhu’s note in Qingdai guanshu ji Ming Taiwan Zhengshi wangshi, pp. 5–6.
121.
See Chen Yaochang, Fuermosha sanzuji (A Tale of Three Tribes in Dutch Formosa), (Taibei: Yuanliu chuban shiye gufen youxian gongsi, 2012), pp. 390–94.
122.
“Yanping er’wang ji,” p. 128.
123.
Lou Zikuang, “Zheng Chenggong shishi chuanshuo yu shijie tongxing gushi bijiao yanjiu,” pp. 25–26. For a comprehensive study of the subject see Gao Zhihua’s monographic study entitled Zheng Chenggong xinyang.
124.
Huang Zongxi, Cixing shimo, p. 47.
125.
Zhu Jia, Zheng Chenggong zhuan, pp. 63–126.
126.
Modern works that honored Zheng Chenggong are numerous. See for example Wang Zhongqi, Zheng Chenggong, Zhu Qi, Zheng Chenggong Mingmo jiefang Taiwan de minzu yingxiong, Zheng Shiyao, Minzu yingxiong Zheng Chenggong.

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Wong, Yt. (2017). From Dutch Taiwan to Zheng Taiwan. In: China’s Conquest of Taiwan in the Seventeenth Century . Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-2248-7_5

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-2248-7_5
Published: 06 August 2017
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