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Zheng Chenggong’s Politicization of the China Coast

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China’s Conquest of Taiwan in the Seventeenth Century

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Abstract

In 1644, the Manchu invaded China and captured Beijing, where they founded the new Qing dynasty. The southern Ming court in Nanjing fell in 1645. The remaining Ming Loyalists further retreated to the southeast seaboard. The presence of the loyalists in the coastal region led to a new situation, where opposition force started political challenge and patriotic resistance against the central regime. The focus of attention was now on the Fujian coast.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    See Relanzhe rizhi, vol. 2, p. 379.

  2. 2.

    Croizier, Koxinga and Chinese Nationalism, pp. 6–11.

  3. 3.

    Mao Yibo Nan Ming shitan, pp. 153–54.

  4. 4.

    Li Tiangen, Juehuolu, p. 888.

  5. 5.

    Huang Zongxi, Cixing shimo, p. 1.

  6. 6.

    Borao ed., Spaniards in Taiwan: Documents, vol. 2, p. 589.

  7. 7.

    Chen Yanyi, Siwen daji, p. 9.

  8. 8.

    Cited in Chen Yanyi, Siwen daji, p. 113.

  9. 9.

    Chen Yanyi, Siwen daji, p. 144.

  10. 10.

    See Huang Zongxi, Cixin shimo, p. 12.

  11. 11.

    Huang Yuzhai, MingZheng yu naming, p. 179.

  12. 12.

    Xu Zi, Xiaotian jinian, vol. 4, p. 598.

  13. 13.

    Chen Yanyi, Siwen daji, p. 152.

  14. 14.

    Chen Yanyi, Siwen daji, p. 152; QingShizu shilu xuanji 1963, p. 23; Huang Dianquan “Yan Siqi kaosuo de shilun,” pp. 14–18.

  15. 15.

    Cited in Jiang Risheng, Taiwan waiji, vol. 1, p. 91.

  16. 16.

    Huang Zongxi, Cixing shimo, pp. 12–13.

  17. 17.

    See Zheng’s note to the Qing court dated in April 1647 in Zheng Chenggong Manwen dang’an shiliao xuanyi, p. 1.

  18. 18.

    De VOC en Formosa, p. 290.

  19. 19.

    MingQing shiliao dingbian, vol. 3, p. 255; Song Meicun, “Nanming Longwu zhong Zheng Chenggong jiazu zhi diwei”, pp. 18–19.

  20. 20.

    Wu Fuyuan “Ji Longwu sanzhao de faxian bing yu Siwen daji de zhiyi,” p. 180; Zhu Xizu Mingji shiliao tiba, pp. 48–49; Xie Hao, NanMing ji Qingling Taiwanshi kaobian, pp. 7–27.

  21. 21.

    Chen Yanyi, Siwen daji, pp. 59, 66, 87, 94, 104, 130, 141, 147.

  22. 22.

    The precise date was determined by Chen Zaizheng, see his “Ju Qingdai dang’an kaoding Zheng Chenggong shishi shier ze”, pp. 23–24.

  23. 23.

    He Da 霍达’s memo dated March 1649 in the Chinese historical archives shows that the city fell to Zheng Chenggong on 8 June 1648 and recaptured on 12 October 1648.

  24. 24.

    Quoted in Wen Ruilin, Nanjiang yishi, vol. 3, p. 325.

  25. 25.

    Badaweiya cheng riji, p. 113.

  26. 26.

    See Ming Qing shiliao dingbian, vol. 1, pp. 75–77.

  27. 27.

    Zhengshi shiliao xubian, in Taiwan wenxian congkan 168, vol. 1, pp. 1, 4–5, 13, 19, 29, 66–67, 74, 77; MingQing shiliao jibian, vol. 2, pp. 118–119; Yang Ying, Congzheng shilu, pp. 1–9; Ruan Minxi, Haishang jianwen lu, p. 5; Huang Zongxi, Cixing shimo, p. 2.

  28. 28.

    See Struve, The Southern Ming, p. 156.

  29. 29.

    For the surprised attack on Xiamen see Yanping wang huguan Yang Ying congzheng shilu, pp. 13–14.

  30. 30.

    See Zheng Chenggong Mmanwen dang’an xuanyi, pp. 5, 8.

  31. 31.

    Yang Ying, Congzheng shilu, pp. 12–15, 18, 19, 63; Zhengshi shiliao xubian, pp. 92, 97–104; Ruan Minxi, Haishang jianwen lu, p. 10.

  32. 32.

    Cited in Li Yao, “Nanjiang yishi zhiyi,” p. 558.

  33. 33.

    See Ming Qing shiliao dingbian, pp. 75–77. Cf. Chen Zaizheng, “Ju Qingdai dang’an kaoding Zheng Chenggong shishi shier ze,” pp. 29–30.

  34. 34.

    See Zheng Chenggong dang’an shiliao, p. 35.

  35. 35.

    Qingshigao, vol. 30, p. 9161.

  36. 36.

    Zheng Tianting, “Guanyu Zheng Chenggong,” p. 5.

  37. 37.

    Cited in Xia Lin, Minhai jiyao, p. 15.

  38. 38.

    See Ming Qing shiliao dingbian, vol. 1, p. 66.

  39. 39.

    Fang Halo, “You Shunzhi ba’nian Fujian wuwei shiti lun Zhengshi kangQing de zhuli,” vol. 1, p. 663.

  40. 40.

    Cf. Yang Ying, Yanpingwang huguan Yang Ying congzheng shilu, pp. 16–23, 99–100; Zhengshi shiliao xubian, vol. 1, pp. 62–68, 73–76; Xu Zi (1962), 5: 853, 874; Xie Guozhen, Nan-Ming shilue, p. 200.

  41. 41.

    See Zhu’s preface in Yang Ying, Yangpingwang huguan Yang Ying Congzheng shilu, p. 22; Yang Ying, Congzheng shilu, p. 109. See also MingQing shiliao dingbian, vol. 2, p. 108, jibing, vol. 1, p. 100.

  42. 42.

    Tong Guoqi, the governor of Fujian reported on 21 April 1655 that the Zheng servants, Li Xin 李信 and 吳梓, had delivered numerous letters between Beijing and Xiamen. The surrendered father, Dong said, was not supposed to have private correspondence with his rebel son. See Dong’s note in MingQing shiliao jiabian, vol, 4, p. 355. Later in September 1656, when Zhilong was in prison, the governor in a more detailed memo to report that Zheng’s men in testimonies admitted they had delivered military secrets to Zheng Chenggong and Zheng Hongkui. And Shi Fu 施福 left Beijing for Xiamen in Zheng Zhilong’s behalf was suspiciously missing. See MingQing shiliao dingbian, vol. 2, pp. 157–58.

  43. 43.

    Zheng Chenggong Manwen dang’an xuanyi, p. 91.

  44. 44.

    See MingQing shiliao jibian, vol. 4, pp. 362–63.

  45. 45.

    See MingQing shiliao dingbian, vol. 2, p. 164.

  46. 46.

    Yang Ying, Yanpingwang huguan Yang Ying congzheng shilu, p. 66; Yang Ying, Congzheng shilu, p. 85; cf. Xu Zi, Xiaotian jinian, vol. 4, pp. 735, 742; Xia Lin, Minhai jiyao, pp. 13–14. The Dutch noted that the Zhengs had collected silver tax from fishermen, see Rilanzhe cheng rizhi, vol. 3, p. 205.

  47. 47.

    Ruan Minxi, Haishang jianwenlu, p. 6.

  48. 48.

    See Yang Ying, Yanpingwang huguan Yang Ying congzheng shilu, p. 77.

  49. 49.

    See the emperor’s decree to the governor-general of Fujian and Zhejiang and other officials in Ming Qing shiliao jibian, vol. 1, p. 100.

  50. 50.

    See Zheng Chenggong dang’an shiliao xuanji, pp. 25–26.

  51. 51.

    See the report of Huang’s defection by Yi Yonggui 宜永貴, the acting governor of Fujian, in MingQing shiliao, vol. 1, pp. 400, 414. Chen Zaizheng notes that the official date for Haicheng’s fall was August 15, despite the fact that Huang Wu and his deputy Su Ming 蘇明 decided surrender in the evening of August 14, see his “Ju Qingdai dang’an kaoding Zheng Chenggong shishi shier ze,” pp. 31–32.

  52. 52.

    Jiang Risheng, Taiwan waiji, vol. 2, 152. Cf. Wu Mei, “Lun Huang Wu xiangQing,” pp. 183–84.

  53. 53.

    Zheng stored his wealth in Haicheng before moving to Taiwan, see Liu, Guangyang zaji, juan 3. Cf. Yang Ying, Yanpingwang huguan Yang Ying chongzheng shilu, p. 78.

  54. 54.

    Qingshi liezhuan, vol. 2, juan 9, p. 9b.

  55. 55.

    See Ming Qing shiliao dingbian, vol. 2, p. 160.

  56. 56.

    See Qingshi liezhuan, vol. 2, juan 9, pp. 8–9; Liu, Guangyang zaji xuan, p. 32.

  57. 57.

    QingShizu shilu xuanji, pp. 106, 130, 132.

  58. 58.

    See for example his 1656 note in Zheng Chenggong dang’an shiliao xuanji, pp. 190, 191, 193, 194.

  59. 59.

    QingShizu shilu xuanji, p. 133.

  60. 60.

    Chen Yanyi, Siwen daji, pp. 87, 94.

  61. 61.

    See Yang Ying, Yanpingwang huguan Yang Ying congzheng shilu, pp. 70–71; Yang Ying, Congzheng shilu, pp. 86, 88–89, 101–103, 110; Zhengshi shiliao xubian, vol. 3, pp. 274, vol. 4, p. 516.

  62. 62.

    For the full text of Zheng’s letter to Li see Yang Ying, Yanpingwang huguan Yang Ying congzheng shilu, p. 41.

  63. 63.

    Chen Yinke. Liu Rushi biezhuan, vol. 3, pp. 944–945, 1011–14, 1016–19.

  64. 64.

    Cf. Zheng Chenggong dang’an shiliao xuanji, pp. 91–101; 195–96.

  65. 65.

    See Yang Ying, Yanpingwang huguan Yang Ying congzheng shilu, pp. 79–80.

  66. 66.

    Lai Yongxiang “Ming Zheng yu Tianzhujiao de guanxi,” p. 2.

  67. 67.

    Chen Bisheng, Zheng Chenggong lishi yanjiu, p. 180.

  68. 68.

    Jiang Risheng, Taiwan waiji, vol. 2, p. 170.

  69. 69.

    Yang Ying, Yanpingwang huguan Yang Ying congzheng shilu, p. 96.

  70. 70.

    See Chen Bisheng, Zheng Chenggong lishi yanjiu, p. 182.

  71. 71.

    See Zheng Chenggong dang’an shiliao xuanji, pp. 223–224.

  72. 72.

    See Chen’s report in Zheng Chenggong dnag’an shiliao xuanji, pp. 243–245.

  73. 73.

    Zhao Guozuo 趙國祚’s “memo” (tiben 題本) dated 6 May 1660 in the Chinese First Historical Archives notes that a big storm in the midnight of August 11 (8 September 1658) rocked half of Zheng Chenggong’s ships.

  74. 74.

    See Yang Ying, Yanpingwang huguan Yang Ying congzheng shilu, p. 104; Yang Ying, Congzheng shilu, pp. 132–136; MingQing Shiliao, vol. 6, pp. 428–429, Zhengshi shiliao xubian, vol. 6, pp. 785–786; Li Yao, “Yishi zheyi,” in Zhujia, Nanjiang yishi, vol. 4, p. 558; Yu Zhongxin. Ming Yanpingwang Taiwan haiguo ji, pp. 58–60.

  75. 75.

    See Li Shuaitai’s report in Ming Qing shiliao jibian, vol. 5, pp. 428–29.

  76. 76.

    For Zheng’s preparation in Zhoushan see Yang Ying, Yanpingwang huguan Yang Ying congzheng shilu, pp. 105–07; Congzheng shilu, pp. 132–136; the governor-general Li Shuaitai’s remark in Zhengshi shiliao xubian, vol. 6, pp. 785–786; Yu Zhongxin ed., Ming Yanpingwang Taiwan haiguo ji, pp. 58–60.

  77. 77.

    See, for example, Chen Yingtai 陳應泰’s note dated 11 February 1659 in Zheng Chenggong shiliao xuanji, pp. 271–72.

  78. 78.

    See Zhao’s memo in Zheng Chenggong shiliao xuanji, pp. 281–82.

  79. 79.

    See Tong’s lengthy report dated 25 June 1659 in Zheng Chenggong shiliao xuanji, pp. 286–92.

  80. 80.

    Yang Ying, Yanpingwang huguan Yang Ying congzheng shilu, p. 117; Congzheng shilu, p. 148; Zhang Huangyan, “Beizheng deshi jilue,” p. 2.

  81. 81.

    See “Yanping er’wang ji,” p. 128.

  82. 82.

    An Shuangcheng used Manchu-language archive to determine the more accurate dates with regard to Zheng’s Nanjing campaign, see his “Qing Zheng Nanjing zhanyi de ruogan wenti”, p. 117. An’s Date, however, corresponds with the author of Qingshigao buzheng zaiji.

  83. 83.

    Yang Ying, Yanpingwang huguan yang Ying congzheng shilu, pp. 121–22; Yang Ying, Congzheng shilu, p. 153.

  84. 84.

    Li Hongbin, “Zheng Chenggong yu Nanjing zhi yi,” p. 109. Note that the author’s source and its description of the emperor’s trepidation may be a bit of exaggeration.

  85. 85.

    The estimation is given by Chen Bisheng, see his Zheng Chenggong lishi yanjiu, p. 201. Cf. An Shuangcheng, “Qing Zheng Nanjing zhanyi de ruogan wenti,” pp. 118–20.

  86. 86.

    See Zheng Chenggong dang’an shiliao xuanji, p. 305, 309.

  87. 87.

    Cf. Zhang Huangyan, “Beizheng deshi jilue” in Zhang Cangshui shiwenji, vol. 1, p. 4.

  88. 88.

    The stanza reads:「荷锄父老双含泪, 愁见横江虎旅班」,see Qian Qianyi, Qian Muzhai quanji, vol. 7, p. 6.

  89. 89.

    As Zheng told his commanders, see Yang Ying, Ming Yanpingwang huguan Yang Ying congzheng shilu, p. 131.

  90. 90.

    For this battle of Chongming see Zheng Chenggong dang’an shiliao xuanji, p. 307.

  91. 91.

    Zhengshi shiliao xubian, vol. 8, pp. 998, 1007–08.

  92. 92.

    Qingshizu shilu xuanji, pp. 135–136.

  93. 93.

    Zhengshi shiliao xubian, vol. 8, p. 1008, vol. 9, pp. 1068–1069; Qingshizu shilu xuanji pp. 161–162.

  94. 94.

    Zhang Huangyan, “Beizheng deshi jilue,” p. 4.

  95. 95.

    Beizhuan xuanji, pp. 266–267; Tongan xianzhi (1929), juan 27, p. 16; Li Guangdi, Rongcun quanji, vol. 4, p. 1663.

  96. 96.

    See Yang Ying, Yanpingwang huguan Yang Ying congzheng shilu, p. 117.

  97. 97.

    See Zheng Chenggong shiliao xuanji, pp. 310–11.

  98. 98.

    The words of bitter condemnation of Zheng can be seen in Tong Guoqi’s announcement dated 28 February 1660, see Ming Qing shiliao jiabian, vol. 5, pp. 463, 479.

  99. 99.

    See Li Shuaitai’s memo in Ming Qing shiliao jiabian, pp. 312–13.

  100. 100.

    For the sea battle of 1660 see Yang Ying, Yanpingwang huguan Yang Ying congzheng shilu, pp. 142–44; Yang Ying, Congzheng shilu, pp. 176–177; Ruan Minxi, Haishang jianwen lu, pp. 33–35.

  101. 101.

    Li Zhenhua Zhang Cangshui zhuan, pp. 211–34; Wen Ruilin, Nanjiang yishi, vol. 3, pp. 324–32.

  102. 102.

    Lin Shidui, “Zheng Zhilong fuzi sanshi ju haidao,” p. 156.

  103. 103.

    Huang Shujin, Taiwan shicha lu, p. 81.

  104. 104.

    MingQing shiliao dingbian, vol. 1, p. 79.

  105. 105.

    Cf. Li Ruiliang, “Zheng Chenggong yu haiwai maoyi,” pp. 225–26. Han Zhenghua, “Yiliuwuling zhi yiliuliuer Zheng Chenggong shidai de haiwai maoyi he haiwai maoyishang de xingzhi,” p. 174.

  106. 106.

    Yang Yanjie, “Yiliuwuling zhi yiliuliuer nian Zheng Chenggong haiwai maoyi de maoyi’e he lirun’e gusuan,” pp. 265–66.

  107. 107.

    See the estimated figures in Han Zhenghua, “Yiliuwuling zhi yiliuliuer Zheng Chenggong shidai de haiwai maoyi he haiwai maoyishang de xingzhi,” pp. 148–53.

  108. 108.

    Lai Yongxiang, “Ming Zheng yu Tianzhujiao de guanxi”, pp. 1–8.

  109. 109.

    Ishihara Michihiro Kokusenya, p. 38; Huang Yuzhai “MingZheng kang Qing de caizheng yu junxu de laiyuan,” p. 21.

  110. 110.

    Zhengshi shiliao xubian, vol. 3, p. 300.

  111. 111.

    Yang Ying, Yanpingwang huguan Yang Ying congzheng shilu, p. 86; Yang Ying, Congzheng shilu, pp. 111–13; Yu Zongxin, Ming Yanpingwang Taiwan haiguo ji, p. 54; Fang Hao, “You Shunzhi ba’nian Fujian wuwei shiti lun Zhengshi kang Qing de zhuli,” vol. 1, p. 954.

  112. 112.

    MingQing shiliao dingbian, vol. 3, p. 215.

  113. 113.

    Chen Yinke, Liu Rushi beizhuan, vol. 3, pp. 1020–21.

  114. 114.

    Yang Ying, Yanpingwang huguan Yang Ying congzheng shilu, p. 81, see also Zhu Xizu’s preface in p. 6; Yang Ying, Congzheng shilu, p. 105.

  115. 115.

    See Tong’s memo in Zhengshi shiliao xubian, vol. 3. pp. 270–271.

  116. 116.

    See Zheng Chenggong dang’an shiliao xuanji, pp. 35–37.

  117. 117.

    MingQing shiliao dingbian, vol. 2, p. 155; Zhengshi shiliao xubian, vol. 3, pp. 299–300; vol. 4, pp. 501, 526–32; vol. 6, p. 723; vol. 7, pp. 911–13; Qingshizu shilu xuanji pp. 110–120.

  118. 118.

    MingQing shiliao dingbian, vol. 3, p. 257.

  119. 119.

    See Huang Wu’s biography in Qingshi liezhuan, vol. 2, pp. 8–9.

  120. 120.

    See Ming Qing shiliao dingbian, vol. 3, p. 215.

  121. 121.

    Qingshengzu shilu xuanji, pp. 9–10, 178; Zhengshi shiliao sanbian, vol. 1, pp. 21–25; Ruan Minxi, Haishang jianwen lu, p. 39; Ura Ren’ichi, “Qingchu qianjieling kao,” pp. 124–158; Xie Guozhen, “Qingchu dongnan yanhai qianjie kao”, pp. 159–96.

  122. 122.

    According to the Qing official Li Shuaitai’s secret intelligence report dated 1658, Zheng Chenggong had tried obviously in vain to rescue his father from Qing prison, see Zheng Cheenggong dang’an shiliaao xuaanji, p. 235.

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Wong, Yt. (2017). Zheng Chenggong’s Politicization of the China Coast. In: China’s Conquest of Taiwan in the Seventeenth Century . Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-2248-7_4

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