Unrest on the China Coast

Wong, Young-tsu

doi:10.1007/978-981-10-2248-7_2

Young-tsu Wong²

323 Accesses
3 Altmetric

Abstract

Hangzhou 杭州 bay clearly divides the China coast into two distinct sections. With the exception of the Shandong山东 peninsula, the north of the bay is mostly sandy, while the south of it is rocky. The rocky and irregular southern coastline, which extends from the Zhoushan 舟山 islands to Hong Kong (Xianggang 香港) for approximately 600 miles, has numerous small deltas, narrow flood plains, islands and bays, and good harbors, and a few interior basins.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution

Chapter: USD 29.95; Price excludes VAT (USA)

eBook: USD 84.99; Price excludes VAT (USA)

Softcover Book: USD 109.99; Price excludes VAT (USA)

Hardcover Book: USD 109.99; Price excludes VAT (USA)

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

1.
Sima Qian, Shiji, juan 114, pp. 2980–83.
2.
See Cheu Shou, Sanguo zhi, vol. 3, p. 1136.
3.
See Jinshu, vol. 8, pp. 2635, 2631–38.
4.
See Suishu, vol. 5, pp. 1283–84.
5.
See Jiu Tangshu, vol. 12, pp. 3785–86.
6.
Cf. Yu Hua, Zhongguo hangyun shihua, pp. 37–45 and Zhang Xun, Woguo de gudai haishang jiaotong, pp. 19–28.
7.
See Fang Hao, Zhongxi jiaotongshi, vol. 2, pp. 28–52.
8.
Fang Hao, Zhongxi jiaotongshi, vol. 2, pp. 30–37.
9.
See Chen Wenshi, Ming Hongwu Jiajing jian de haijin zhengce, pp. 9–11. Cf. Tanaka Takeō, Wakō tō kangō boeki.
10.
See Zhang Tingyu comp., Mingshi, vol. 28, pp. 7906–7908, 8341–42, 8344; cf. Wang Poleng, Lidai zhengwo wenxian kao, p. 128.
11.
See Xu Yuhu, “Zheng He xiaxiyang yuanyin zhi xintan,” pp. 110–114; Kuei-shen Chang, “The Maritime Scene in China at the Dawn of Great European Discoveries,” vol. 94 no. 3, pp. 347–59; Levathes, When China Ruled the Sea, pp. 172–73.
12.
See Chen Wenshi, Ming Hongwu Jiajing jian de haijin zhengce, p. 94.
13.
Chen Wenshi, Ming Hongwu Jiajing jian de haijin zhengce, p. 25. See also Fu Yiling, Ming Qing shidai shangren ji shangye ziben, pp. 123–125.
14.
See Zhang Weihua, Mingdai haiwai maoyi jianlun, pp. 34–40; Jung-pang Lo, “The Decline of the Early Ming Navy,” pp. 149–168.
15.
See Chen Wenshi, Ming Hongwu Jiajing jian de haijin zhengce, pp. 115–24.
16.
Zhang Tingyu, Mingshi, vol. 28, pp. 8430–32.
17.
Zhang Tingyu, Mingshi, vol. 28, p. 8432; Cf. T’ien-tse Chang, Sino-Portuguese Trade from 1514–1644, pp. 53–68.
18.
See Mingshilu minhai guanxi shiliao, pp. 2–3.
19.
Cf. Ke Jianzhong, “Shilun Mingdai shangye ziben yϋ zibenzhuyi mengya de guanxi” p. 83; Hong Huanzhuang, “Lun shiwu shiliu shiji Jiangnan diqu zibenzhuyi shengchan guanxi de mengya” p. 241; Li Guangbi, “Mingdai shougongye de fazhan,” p. 39; Chen Shiqi, “Mingdai de gongjiang zhidu,” p. 460.
20.
See Hong Huanzhuang, “Lun shiwu shiliu shiji Jiangnan diqu zibenzhuyi shengchan guanxi de mengya,” p. 239; Cf. Hou Wailu, “Shiqishiji de Zhongguo shehui he qimeng sichao de tedian,” p. 94.
21.
See Chen Shiqi, “Mingdai de gongjiang zhidu,” vol. 1, p. 451 and Atwell, “Notes on Silver, Foreign Trade, and the Late Ming Economy,” pp. 1–33.
22.
See Chen Shiqi, “Mingdai guan shougongye de yanjiu,” pp. 70–106.
23.
See Ke Jianzhong, “Shilun Mingdai shangye ziben yϋ zibenzhuyi mengya de guanxi,” vol. 2, pp. 99, 101, 104.
24.
See Li Guangbi, “Mingdai shougongye de fazhan,” p. 37.
25.
Cf. Zhang Dechang, “Mingdai Guangzhou zhi haipo maoyi,” pp. 1–18; Fujii Hiroshi, “Shin-an shōnin nō kenkyū,” pp. 1–44.
26.
Cited in Liu Yan, “Mingmo chengshi jingji fazhanxia de chuqi shimin yundong,” p. 404.
27.
See Fu Yiling, “Mingdai jiangnan fuhu de yanjiu,” p. 540.
28.
Fu Yiling, “Mingdai Jiangnan dizhu jingji xinfazhan de chubu yanjiu,” p. 54; Jia Jingyan, “Mingdai ciqi de haiwan maoyi,” pp. 49–50.
29.
See Fujii Hiroshi, “Shin-an shōnin nō kenkyū,” vol. 36, no. 1 pp. 1–44.
30.
See Elvin, The Pattern of the Chinese Past, pp. 248–45.
31.
See Fox, History in Geographic Perspective: the Other France, pp. 54, 64.
32.
See Zhang Xie, Dongxi yang kao, p. 265; Sakuma Shigao, “Mindai kaigai shiboeki nō rekishi-teki haikei—Fukken-shō chushin tōshite,” p. 10. Refer also to Mingshilu minhai guanxi shiliao, p. 6.
33.
Cf. Mitamura Taisuke, “Tōyō nō rekishi—Miteikoku tō wako,” pp. 269–272; Pelliot, “Le Hoja et la Sayyid Husain de L’histoire des Ming,” pp. 81–292.
34.
See Mingshilu, 85, 350, pp. 6326–27; Fu Yiling, Ming Qing shidai shangren ji shangye ziben, p. 109.
35.
See Zhang Weihua, Mingdai haiwai maoyi jianlun, pp. 76–88; Sha Shiwu, “Ming Qing Fujian yanhai jianshang kao,” pp. 1–5.
36.
See Hu Zongxian, Haifang tuzhi, juan 4, p. 34.
37.
See Zhang Xie, Dongxi yang kao, p. 243.
38.
See Taylor, “Yuan Origins of the Wei-so System,” pp. 23–40.
39.
See Kawagoe Yoshiro, “Ieidai kaibō taisei nōkeisei ni tsuite,” pp. 169–182; Xu Tiantai, “Mingdai Fujian wohuan chugao,” p. 18.
40.
See Zhang Tingyu, Mingshi, vol. 12, p. 3754; cf. Jung-pang Lo, “The Decline of the Early Ming Navy,” pp. 150–52; Jung-pang Lo, “The Termination of the Early Ming Naval Expeditions,” pp. 127–40.
41.
See Lo, “The Decline of the Early Ming Navy,” p. 167.
42.
See Chen, Maoheng, Mindai wokou kaolue, p. 35. cf. pp. 34–36.
43.
See Wang Poleng, Lidai zhengwo wenxian kao, p. 179.
44.
See Ming jingshi wenbian xuanlu, vol. 1, pp. 18–19. cf. Xu Tiantai, “Mingdai Fujian wohuan chugao,” pp. 18–20.
45.
See Xu Tiantai, “Mingdai Fujian wohuan chugao,” p. 18.
46.
Cai Jiude, Wobian shilue, pp. 1–3.
47.
Cai Jiude, Wobian shilue, pp. 5–6.
48.
Gu Yingtai, Ming wokou shimo, p. 7.
49.
See Chen Wenshi, Ming Hongwu Jiaqing jian de huijin zhengce, p. 128.
50.
Cited in Fu Yiling, Ming Qing shidai shangren ji shangye ziben, p. 110.
51.
See Zhang Tingyu, Mingshi, vol. 18, pp. 5403–04; cf. So Kwan-wai, Japanese Piracy in Ming China, pp. 41–72.
52.
See Zhang Tingyu, Mingshi, vol. 18, p. 5404 and Zhang Xie, Dongxi yang kao, p. 266.
53.
See Tang Jintai, Kaiqi Taiwan diyiren Zheng Zhilong, pp. 16–17.
54.
See Zhang Tingyu, Mingshi, vol. 18, p. 5405 and Ming jingshi wenbian xuanlu, vol. 1, p. 16.
55.
Cf. Chen Wenshi, Ming Hongwu Jiaqing jian de haijin zhengce, pp. 140–150.
56.
See Mingshilu minhai guanxi shiliao p. 17. Cf. Pelliot, “Le Hoja et la Sayyid Husain de l’histoire des Ming”, p. 196. Li Liyue, “Minnan shishen yu Jiajing nianjian de zousi maoyi,” p. 105.
57.
See Mingshilu minhai guanxi shiliao, pp. 14–15.
58.
See Zhang Tingyu, Mingshi, vol. 18, p. 5405 and Zhang Weihua, Mingdai haiwai maoyi jianlun, p. 84.
59.
See Wang Poleng, Lidai zhengwo wenxian kao, pp. 177–78.
60.
See Chen Maoheng, Mingdai wokou kaolue, p. 103; Cf. Zheng Guangnan, Zhongguo haidao shi, pp. 183–98.
61.
Zheng Guangnan, Zhongguo haidao shi, pp. 189–91.
62.
See Zhang Tingyu, Mingshi, vol. 27, pp. 8352–53 and Mingshilu minha iguanxi shiliao, pp. 18–22.
63.
Zhang Tingyu, Mingshi, vol. 27, pp. 8353–54; Gu Yingtai, Ming wokou shimo, 7–15.
64.
See Wang Poleng, Lidai zhengwo wenxian kao, pp. 208–09; Zhang Tingyu, Mingshi, vol. 18, p. 5410; cf. Hucker, “Hu Tsung-hsien’s Campaign against Hsu Hai, 1556,” pp. 273–307; Wills, “Maritime China from Wang Chih to Shi Lang,” pp. 210–13.
65.
Cai Jiude, Wobian shilue, pp. 18–19, 21–22, 27, 32–33, 34, 41–42.
66.
See Ming jingshi wenbian, juan 283, pp. 2992–2993.
67.
See Gu Yingtai, Ming wokou shimo, p. 12. Cf. Wu Daxin, “Jiang Zhe defang shishen yu yuwo zhengce,” pp. 8–12.
68.
Cai Jiude, Wobian shilue, pp. 68–69.
69.
See Cai Jiude, Wobian shilue, pp. 80, 85, 86, 88–92. Cf. Zhang Tingyu, Mingshi, vol. 18, pp. 5413, 3411–5412 and Mingshilu minhai guanxi shiliao, p. 27.
70.
For the complete text of Hu’s memorial see Cai Jiude, Wobian shilue, pp. 93–97, in which Xu Hai is portrayed as “culprit” (zeshou 賊首).
71.
Wang asked Hu to deliver for him a plea for trade in a message to the Ming court. For the full text of Wang’s message see Cai Jiude, Wobian shilue, pp. 98–100.
72.
Cai Jiude, Wobian shilue, pp. 103, 106.
73.
See Mingshilu minhai guanxi shiliao, p. 31 and Wang Poleng, Lidai zhengwo wenxian kao, pp. 213–14.
74.
See Fan Zhongyi, Tong Xigang, Mingdai wokou shilue, pp. 256–58; Gao Yangwen, Tao Qi comp. Mingdai wokou shilue, p. 258. Wills, “Maritime China from Wang Zhi to Shi Lang,” pp. 210–13.
75.
Gu Yingtai, Mingshi jishi benmo, p. 22.
76.
Gu Yingtai, Mingshi jishi benmo, pp. 22–24.
77.
Katayama Seijiro, “Geko nijunshi sho no hanran” pp. 389–419. See also Zhang Xie, Dongxiyang kao, p. 267.
78.
See Bai Di, Yuandong guoji wutai shang de fengyun renwu Zheng Chenggong, p. 9.
79.
Chen Shangsheng, Huaiyi yishang MingQing haiyang liliang xingshuai yanjiu, p. 148.
80.
Zhang Xie, Dongxiyang kao, juan 5, p. 7.
81.
See Fu Yiling, MingQing shidai shangren ji shangye ziben, p. 113; cf. 108–12.
82.
Ho, Studies on the Population of China 1368–1953, p. 101.
83.
See the remarks by Liang Tingdong 梁廷棟, President of the Board of War, in Mingshilu minhai guanxi shiliao p. 153; Refer also to Gu Yanwu, 1823. Tianxia junguo libingshu, juan 91, p. 3a.
84.
Mingshilu n.d. juan 47, p. 3658; cf. Bielenstein, “The Chinese Colonization of Fukien until the End of Tang,” pp. 98–122.
85.
Chang. Sino-Portuguese Trade from 1514 to 1644 pp. 12–28.
86.
This Song boat is now the possession of maritime museum in Quanzhou. For details about the excavated boat see “Quanzhou wan Songdai haichuan fajue jianbao,” pp. 1–18.
87.
Cf. Chen Wenshi Ming Hongwu Jiajing jian de haijin zhengce.
88.
Cf. Ming jingshi wenbian xuanlu, pp. 16–17; Wiethoff, Die chinesische Seeverbotspolitik und der private Überseehandel von 1368 bis 1567, pp. 49–60; Sakuma Shigeo, “Mindai kaigai shibōeki no rekishi-teki—Fukken-shō o chūshin toshite,” pp. 1–25; Sa Shiwu, “Ming Qing Fujian yanhai jianshang kao,” pp. 1–5.
89.
Mingshilu minhai guanxi shiliao, p. 42.
90.
Mingshilu minhai guanxi shiliao, p. 160.
91.
See Fan Ye, Hou Hanshu, vol. 10, p. 2822.
92.
See Chen Shou, Sanguo zhi, vol. 5, p. 1135.
93.
Lian Heng, Taiwan tongshi, vol. 1, pp. 1–2.
94.
Wu Fa, Taiwan lishi zhaji, p. 16.
95.
Cited in Li Zhi .Xu cangshu, p. 288.
96.
See Li Yuanchun. Taiwan zhilue, vol. 1, p. 13; see also Zhang Tingyu. Mingshi, vol. 18, pp. 5433, 5601–5608.
97.
See Huang Zhongqing, “Mingdai Fujian haifang de shuizhai yu youbing,” p. 409.
98.
J. I. Israel, Dutch Primacy in World Trade, 1585–1740, pp. 117, 308–09, 319–20.
99.
Refer to Haley, The Dutch in the Seventeenth Century, pp. 25–26; Wills Pepper, Guns, and Parleys: The Dutch East India Company and China 1662–1681, p. x; Campbell, Formosa under the Dutch, p. 26.
100.
Campbell, Formosa under the Dutch, p. 26.
101.
Cf. Wang Linheng, Yuejian pian, juan 3.
102.
See Cao Yonghe, “MingZheng shiqi yiqian zhi Taiwan,” p. 53.
103.
Campbell, Formosa under the Dutch, p. 26.
104.
Zhang Xian, Dongxiyang kao, p. 246. Zhang Weihua, Mingshi Ouzhou siguo zhun zhushi, p. 92. MingQing shiliao wubian, vol. 1, p. 1.
105.
Groeneveldt, De Nederlanders in China Eerste Deel, pp. 11–23; Mingji Helanren qinju Penghu candang, pp. 1–10.
106.
Zhang Weihua, Mingshi Ouzhou siguo zhun zhushi, p. 94.
107.
Zhang Weihua, Mingshi Ouzhou siguo zhun zhushi, p. 95.
108.
Yang Yanjie, “Yiliuwuling zhi yiliuliuer nian Zheng Chenggong haiwai maoyi de maoyi’e he lirun’e gusuan”, pp. 221–35. See also Yang Yanjie, Heju shidai Taiwanshi, p. 13.
109.
See Zhang Weihua, Mingshi Ouzhou siguo zhuan zhushi, p. 98.
110.
See Chen Xueyi 陈学伊’s essay in Shen Yourong comp, Minhai zengyan, pp. 33–34; cf. Zhang Xie, Dongxi yang kao, pp. 258–59. Campbell, Formosa under the Dutch, p. 26.
111.
See Shen Yourong comp., Minhai zengyan, pp. 92–93.
112.
De VOC en Formosa, pp. 4, 7.
113.
De VOC en Formosa, pp. 14–15.
114.
Badaweiya cheng riji, p. 123.
115.
De VOC en Formosa, p. 8.
116.
See Lin Weisheng, “Helanren ju Penghu shimo”, pp. 7–8.
117.
De VOC en Formosa, pp. 15–16; Campbell, Formosa under the Dutch, p. 27; Cf. Yang Yaanjie, Heju shidai Taiwanshi, p. 20.
118.
The governor complained of the Dutch treachery, see his report to the Ming court “Xunfu Fujian houdai Shang Zhouzuo zou”, in Mingji Helanren qinju Penghu candang, p. 3.
119.
De VOC en Formosa, p. 16. See also Lin Weisheng, “Helanren ju Penghu shimo,” p. 10.
120.
De VOC en Formosa, p. 18; Campbell, Formosa under the Dutch, p. 18.
121.
See Zhang Weihua, Mingshi Ouzhou siguo zhuan zhushi, p. 104.
122.
De VOC en Formosa, p. 26.
123.
The Dutch record of the talk cited in Lin Weisheng, “Helanren ju Penghu shimo,” p. 15.
124.
Campbell, Formosa under the Dutch, pp. 27, 28.
125.
De VOC en Formosa, p. 28. Campbell, Formosa under the Dutch, pp. 28–29.
126.
Quan Hansheng. “Mingji Zhongguo yu Feilubin jian de maoyi,” pp. 419–434.
127.
De VOC en Formosa, pp. 29–30. Campbell, Formosa under the Dutch, pp. 29–30; Zheng Chenggong shoufu Taiwan shiliao xuanbian, pp. 71–82; Yang Yanjie, Helan shidai Taiwanshi, p. 26.
128.
See You Fengxiang, “Nanjing Huguangdao yushi You Fengxiang zou,” in Mingji Helanren qinju Penghu caandang, pp. 3–4.
129.
Refer to Ming Qing shiliao, vol. 2, ce. 7, p. 629.
130.
See Ming shilu minhai guanxi shiliao, p. 96; Chang T’ien-tse. Sino-Portuguese Trade from 1514 to 1644, pp. 113–17.
131.
Lin Weisheng, “Helanren ju Penghu shimo,” p. 26.
132.
See Nan Juyi, “Fujian xuanfu Nan Juyi youzou,” in Mingji Helanren qinju Penghu candang, pp. 5–6. Cf. Yang Yanjie, Heju shidai Taiwanshi, p. 27.
133.
De VOC en Formosa, pp. 31–33.
134.
See Ming Qing shiliao wubian, vol. 1, p. 13. De VOC en Formosa, pp. 39–40, 41.
135.
Ming Qing shiliao yibian, vol. 7, p. 629.
136.
MingQing shiliao wubian, vol. 1, p. 13; De VOC en Formosa, pp. 45–46; Batavia Daily 1, p. 68. Cf. Mingji Helanren qinju Penghu candang, pp. 9–10.
137.
MingQing shiliao yibian, vol. 7, p. 624.
138.
Cf. MingQing shiliao yibian, vol. 7, pp. 603–07.
139.
See Fang Hao, Taiwan caoqi shigang, p. 161.
140.
de Beauclair, ed. Neglected Formosa, p.14; Mingji Helanren qinju Penghu candang, pp. 9–10, 16, 19–30.
141.
Campbell, Formosa under the Dutch, pp. 51–60.
142.
See Mingshilu minhai guanxi shiliao, pp. 103–09; Yung-ho Ts’ao, “Chinese Overseas Trade in the Late Ming Period,” pp. 429–58,434, 532; Fu Yiling, Ming Qing shidai shangren ji shangye ziben, pp. 113–123; cf. Yamawaki Teijiro Kinsei Nitchu boeki-shi no kenkyu.
143.
Refer to. Goodrich and Fang, eds. Dictionary of Ming Biography, vol. 1, p. 872.
144.
Iwao Seiichi. “Kinsei Nisshi boeki ni kansuru suryoteki kosatsu”, vol. 2, pp. 981–1020; 1958, 27.
145.
Ts’ao, “Chinese Overseas Trade in the Late Ming Period,” pp. 436, 450; Thompson, ed., The Diary of Richard Cooks, vol. 2, p. 42.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
Young-tsu Wong

Authors

Young-tsu Wong
View author publications
You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Young-tsu Wong .

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Wong, Yt. (2017). Unrest on the China Coast. In: China’s Conquest of Taiwan in the Seventeenth Century . Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-2248-7_2

Download citation

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-2248-7_2
Published: 06 August 2017
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-10-2247-0
Online ISBN: 978-981-10-2248-7
eBook Packages: HistoryHistory (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics