Abstract
China’s relations with Latin America and the Caribbean (hereinafter referred to as Latin America) have a long history. However, Latin America was the last region to establish diplomatic relations with New China. For a long time, due to the close geopolitical relationship with the United States and the high level of the economic development, Latin America was not prominent in China’s foreign aid policy. Nevertheless, the history of the development of the China-Latin America relationship shows that China’s aid has been an indispensable diplomatic leverage in promoting the establishment of diplomatic ties between China and Latin American countries, consolidating China’s diplomatic relations with this region and supporting China’s positions on the special issues-related to Latin America.
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Notes
- 1.
Mao Zedong: “Approval files and revision of the report of the 8th National Congress of the CPC” (August and September, 1956), in (Mao 1992: 138–141).
- 2.
Mao Zedong: “Opening speech at the 8th National Congress of the CPC” (September 15, 1956), in (Mao 1992: 203).
- 3.
Mao Zedong: “Fight for national independence, and elimination of Western superstition” (September 2, 1958), see (the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, CCCPC Party Literature Research Office 1994: 335–340).
- 4.
Mao Zedong: “Remarks on the proposal of Castro on the development of Sino-Cuban relations.” (August 19, 1959), in (Mao 1993: 465).
- 5.
Huang Zhiliang: “The ins and outs of diplomatic relations between China and Cuba”, in (Li and Huang 2005: 264).
- 6.
Mao Zedong, “Talks with the Cuban cultural delegation” (April 19, 1961), in (Mao 1996: 473).
- 7.
Mao Zedong: “Imperialism is not to be feared” (May 7, 1960), in (the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, CCCPC Party Literature Research Office 1994: 406–412).
- 8.
Regarding the amount of China’s aid to Cuba in 1963, different literature has different statistics, and the reason for that was the difficulty in calculating material assistance in monetary terms. For example, in October 1963, Cuba was hit by a typhoon and the eastern region was the hardest hit. For this, the Chinese government and the Red Cross provided relief supplies worth 46.54 million RMB to the Cuban people (Sha et al. 1986: 285); in October 1963, Cuba was hit by hurricanes, and China provided aid worth 70 million RMB immediately (Li 2001: 471).
- 9.
Mao Zedong: “About the matter of the division of three worlds” (February 22, 1974), see (the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, CCCPC Party Literature Research Office 1994: 600–601).
- 10.
Mao Zedong: “Remarks on the publicity and comments on foreign affairs” (March 1967–March 1971), in (Mao 1998: 276–284).
- 11.
Lin Ping: “Special types of diplomatic strongholds”, in (Li and Huang 2005: 231).
- 12.
Lin Ping: “Special types of diplomatic strongholds”, in (Li and Huang 2005: 234).
- 13.
Lin Ping: “Special types of diplomatic strongholds”, in (Li and Huang 2005: 235).
- 14.
On October 1, 1985 Grenada established diplomatic relations with China and severed those relations on August 7, 1989, but resumed them on January 20, 2005; on December 7, 1985 Nicaragua established diplomatic relations with China, and suspended them on November 9, 1990; Belize established diplomatic relations with China on February 6, 1987, and severed them on October 23, 1989 (Xu 2006: 242).
- 15.
Economic and Commercial Counselor’s Office of the Chinese Embassy in Guyana. http://gy.mofcom.gov.cn/aarticle/zxhz/200305/20030500092078.html.
- 16.
On March 12, 1975, Deng Xiaoping, in the name of Premier Zhou Enlai, held a grand banquet in honor of the Prime Minister of Guyana and his wife (Archives of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs 1998: 124).
- 17.
Xinhua Monthly, 1977(4), pp. 73–75, (in Sha et al. 1986: 320).
- 18.
“Joint Statement of the Second China-Caribbean Economic and Trade Cooperation Forum”, network of the Central People’s Government. http://www.gov.cn/gzdt/2007-09/09/content_743372.htm.
- 19.
“China’s Policy Paper on Latin America and the Caribbean,” Xinhua News Network. http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2008-11/05/content_10308177.htm.
- 20.
- 21.
“China actively honors commitments for the support of the development of trade financing”, People’s Daily, April 2, 2009.
- 22.
The convening of a conference on economic and diplomatic work towards developing countries, People’s Daily (Overseas Edition), page 4, September 3, 2004.
- 23.
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Hongbo, S. (2017). China’s Aid to Latin America and the Caribbean Region. In: Zhou, H., Xiong, H. (eds) China’s Foreign Aid. Research Series on the Chinese Dream and China’s Development Path. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-2128-2_6
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-2128-2_6
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