Abstract
Effects of increased [CO2] and temperature on the concentrations of nonstructural carbohydrates (glucose, fructose, sucrose, and starch), hemicelluloses (rhamnose, o-methyl-glucuronic-acid, mannose, arabinose, galactose, and xylose), and lignin and cellulose are quantified for different tree organs. A deciduous, broad-leaved and a coniferous, evergreen needle-bearing species are presented as examples. Starch increased in sun and shade leaves. Daily courses show the great enhancement of starch but not sucrose production under elevated [CO2]. Higher temperature leads to lower starch concentrations. In contrast to starch, glucose, fructose, and sucrose are accumulated in the stem basis (Pinus sylvestris). More mannose and less arabinose are found in the stem of Pinus sylvestris at elevated [CO2]. Only galactose concentration increases after warming. All other hemicelluloses show no clear changes. Antagonism of cellulose and lignin concentration is shown in response to increased [CO2] and temperature. For instance, lignin increases with higher temperature and cellulose concentration decreases.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Aranda X, Augusti C, Joffre R, Fleck I (2006) Photosynthesis, growth and structural characteristics of holm oak resprouts originated from plants grown under elevated CO2. Physiol Plant 128:302–312
Aranjuelo I, Pintó-Marijuan M, Avice JC, Fleck I (2010) Effect of elevated CO2 on carbon partitioning in young Quercus ilex L. during resprouting. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 25:1527–1535
Atwell BJ, Henery ML, Whitehead D (2003) Sapwood development in Pinus radiata trees grown for three years at ambient and elevated carbon dioxide partial pressures. Tree Physiol 23:13–21
Bader MK-F, Siegwolf R, Körner C (2010) Sustained enhancement of photosynthesis in mature deciduous forest trees after 8 years of free air CO2 enrichment. Planta 232:1115–1125
Barton CVM, Jarvis PG (1999) Growth response of branches of Picea sitchensis to four years exposure to elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration. New Phytol 144:233–243
Besford RT, Mousseau M, Matteucci G (1998) Biochemistry, physiology and biophysics of photosynthesis. In: Jarvis PG (ed) European forests and global change. The likely impacts of rising CO2 and temperature. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 29–78
Blaschke L, Forstreuter M, Sheppard LJ, Leith IK, Murray MB, Polle A (2002) Lignification in beech (Fagus sylvatica) grown at elevated CO2 concentrations: interaction with nutrient availability and leaf maturation. Tree Physiol 22:469–477
Davey PA, Olcer H, Zakhleniuk O, Bernacchi CJ, Calfapietra C, Long SP, Raines CA (2006) Can fast-growing plantation trees escape biochemical down-regulation of photosynthesis when grown throughout their complete production cycle in the open air under elevated carbon dioxide? Plant Cell Environ 29:1235–1244
Domisch T, Finér L, Lehto T (2001) Effects of soil temperature on biomass and carbohydrate allocation in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) seedlings at the beginning of the growing season. Tree Physiol 21:465–472
Druart N, Rodriguez-Buey M, Barro-Gafford G, Sjödin A, Bhalerao R, Hurry V (2006) Molecular targets of elevated [CO2] in leaves and stems of Populus deltoides: implications for future growth and carbon sequestration. Funct Plant Biol 33:121–131
Egger B, Einig W, Schlereth A, Wallenda T, Magel E, Loewe A, Hampp R (1996) Carbohydrate metabolism in one- and two-year-old spruce needles, and stem carbohydrates from three months before until three months after bud break. Physiol Plant 96:91–100
Ekblad A, Boström B, Holm A, Comstedt D (2005) Forest soil respiration rate and δ13C is regulated by recent above ground weather conditions. Oecologia 143:136–142
Fischer C, Höll W (1992) Food reserves of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.). Seasonal changes and radial distribution of carbohydrate and fat reserves in pine wood. Trees 6:147–155
Hobbie EA, Gregg J, Olszyk DM, Rygiewicz PT, Tingey DT (2002) Effects of climate change on labile and structural carbon in Douglas fir needles as estimated by delta C-13 and C-area measurements. Glob Change Biol 8:1072–1084
Hoch G, Körner C (2012) Global patterns of mobile carbon reserves in trees at the alpine treeline ecotone is under environmental control. New Phytol 195:794–802
Hoch G, Richter A, Körner C (2003) Non-structural carbon compounds in temperate forest trees. Plant Cell Environ 26:1067–1081
Hu WJ, Harding SA, Lung J, Popko JL, Ralph J, Stokke DD, Tsai CJ, Chiang VL (1999) Repression of lignin biosynthesis promotes cellulose accumulation and growth in transgenic trees. Nat Biotechnol 17:808–812
Kaakinen S, Kostiainen K, Ek F, Saranpää P, Kubiske ME, Sober J, Karnosky DF, Vapaavuori E (2004) Stem wood properties of Populus tremuloides, Betula papyrifera and Acer saccharum saplings after 3 years of treatments to elevated carbon dioxide and ozone. Glob Chang Biol 10:1513–1525
Keel SG, Siegwolf RT, Körner C (2006) Canopy CO2 enrichment permits tracing the fate of recently assimilated carbon in a mature deciduous forest. New Phytol 172:319–329
Kilpeläinen A, Peltola H, Ryyppö A, Sauvala K, Laitinen K, Kellomäki S (2003) Wood properties of Scots pines (Pinus sylvestris) grown at elevated temperature and carbon dioxide concentration. Tree Physiol 23:889–897
Kilpeläinen A, Peltola H, Ryyppö A, Kellomäki S (2005) Scots pine responses to elevated temperature and carbon dioxide concentration: growth and wood properties. Tree Physiol 25:75–83
Köln T, Forstreuter M, Overdieck D (1997) Kohlenhydrat- und Stickstoffgehalte in der Rotbuche (Fagus sylvatica L.) unter erhöhten CO2-Konzentrationen. Verhandlungen der Gesellschaft für Ökologie 27:295–301 (in German, with English abstract)
Kontunen-Soppela S, Lankila J, Lähdesmäki P, Laine K (2002) Response of protein and carbohydrate metabolism of Scots pine seedlings to low temperature. J Plant Physiol 159:175–180
Körner C (2003) Carbon limitation in trees. J Ecol 91:4–17
Körner C (2014) Mountain ecosystems in a changing environment. J Protect Mt Areas Res 6:71–77
Lenz B, Overdieck D, Forstreuter M (1995) Atmosphärische CO2-Konzentrationserhöhung und Kohlenhydratgehalte von Buchenblättern. Verhandlungen der Gesellschaft für Ökologie 24:319–322 (in German, with English abstract)
Liu L, King JS, Giardina CP (2005) Effects of elevated concentrations of atmospheric CO2 and troposheric O3 on leaf litter production and chemistry in trembling aspen and paper birch communities. Tree Physiol 25:1511–1522
Luo Z-B, Calfapietra C, Liberloo M, Scarascia-Mugnozza G, Polle A (2006) Carbon partitioning to mobile and structural fractions in poplar wood under elevated CO2 (EUROFACE) and N fertilization. Glob Chang Biol 12:272–283
Magel E, Abdel-Latif A, Hampp R (2001) Non-structural carbohydrates and catalytic activities of sucrose metabolizing enzymes in trunks of two Juglans species and their role in heartwood formation. Holzforschung 55:135–145
Mandre M, Pärn H, Ots K (2006) Short-term effects of wood ash on the soil and the lignin concentration and growth of Pinus sylvestris L. For Ecol Manag 223:349–357
Overdieck D, Fenselau K (2009) Elevated CO2 concentration and temperature effects on the partitioning of chemical components along juvenile Scots pine stems (Pinus sylvestris L.). Trees 23:771–786
Overdieck D, Forstreuter M (1995) Stoffproduktion junger Buchen (Fagus sylvatica L.) bei erhöhtem CO2-Angebot. Verh Ges Ökol 24:323–330 (in German, with English abstract)
Poorter H, Van Berkel Y, Baxter R, Den Hertog J, Dijkstra P, Gifford RM, Griffin KL, Roumet C, Roy J, Wong SC (1997) The effect of elevated CO2 on the chemical composition and construction costs of leaves of 27 C3 species. Plant Cell Environ 20:472–482
Richet N, Afif D, Tozo K, Pollet B, Maillard P, Huber F, Priault P, Banvoy J, Gross P, Dizengremel P, Lapierre C, Perré P, Cabané M (2012) Elevated CO2 and/or ozone modify lignification in the wood of poplars (Populus tremula x alba). J Exp Bot 63:4291–4301
Runion GB, Entry JA, Prior SA, Mitchell RJ, Rogers HH (1999) Tissue chemistry and carbon allocation in seedlings of Pinus palustris subjected to elevated CO2 and water stress. Tree Physiol 19:329–335
Schädel C, Richter A, Blöchl A, Hoch G (2010) Hemicellulose concentration and composition in plant cell walls under extreme carbon source-sink imbalances. Physiol Plant 139:241–255
Stitt M, Krapp A (1999) The interaction between elevated carbon dioxide and nitrogen nutrition. The physiological and molecular background. Plant Cell Environ 22:583–621
Terziev N, Boutelje J, Larsson K (1997) Seasonal fluctuations of low-molecular-weight sugars, starch and nitrogen in sapwood of Pinus sylvestris L. Scandinavian. J For Res 12:216–224. (1999) Changes in leaf nitrogen and carbohydrates underlie temperature and CO2 acclimation of dark respiration in five boreal tree species. Plant Cell Environ 22:767–778
Tjoelker MG, Reich PB, Oleksyn J (1999) Changes in leaf nitrogen and carbohydrates underlie temperature and CO2 acclimation of dark respiration in five boreal tree species. Plant Cell Environ 22:767–778
Walter A, Christ MM, Barron-Gafford GA, Grieve KA, Murthy R, Rascher U (2005) The effect of elevated CO2 on diel leaf growth cycle, leaf carbohydrate content and canopy growth performance of Populus deltoides. Glob Chang Biol 11:1207–1219
Wang J, Duan B, Zhang Y (2012) Effects of experimental warming on growth, biomass allocation, and needle chemistry of Abies faxoniana in even-aged monospecific stands. Plant Ecol 213:47–55
Way DA, Sage RF (2008) Elevated growth temperatures reduce the carbon gain of black spruce [Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P.]. Glob Chang Biol 14:624–636
Wu L, Chandrashekar PJ, Chiang VL (2000) A xylem-specific cellulose synthase gene from aspen (Populus tremuloides) is responsive to mechanical stress. Plant J 22:495–502
Wullschleger SD, Norby RJ (1992) Respiratory cost of leaf growth and maintenance in white oak saplings exposed to atmospheric carbon dioxide enrichment. Can J For Res 22:1717–1721
Würth MKR, Winter K, Körner C (1998) Leaf carbohydrate responses to CO2 enrichment at the top of a tropical forest. Oecologia 116:18–25
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2016 Springer Science+Business Media Singapore
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Overdieck, D. (2016). Nonstructural and Structural Carbohydrates. In: CO2, Temperature, and Trees. Ecological Research Monographs. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-1860-2_6
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-1860-2_6
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-10-1859-6
Online ISBN: 978-981-10-1860-2
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)