Abstract
The background to the policy of tuntian is rather similar to the challenging scenario that China faces today as it seeks to take its development to the oceans. The effects of the policy of tuntian are also similar to what China seeks to achieve—or even exceeds its objectives—with its maritime development push. As such, it is necessary for China to introduce a tuntian-like strategy that can take care of both the defensive and developmental thrusts of its plan to become an important maritime nation.
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Notes
- 1.
We describe tunhai as an offensive move chiefly due to the regions involved. Regions where the policy of tuntian was implemented during the Western Han period consisted of the land borders of the time as well as surrounding areas. These areas are far more tangible. On the other hand, the regions where the policy of tunhai is to be implemented are more abstract: apart from China’s maritime borders, we are also looking at areas where China’s maritime influence and interests—as advocated by international law—are located.
- 2.
Civil means of local protectionism, and the household registration policy.
- 3.
Such investments include commitments of hundreds of millions, or even billions, to projects without consideration of the costs of transport and human resources or the resulting economic benefits.
- 4.
Refer to: Abbott, Carl (1998). The Metropolitan Frontier: Cities in the Modern American West. (Wang, Xu, et al. trans.) Beijing: The Commercial Press, p. 184.; and: He, Shunguo (2007). Fifteen Lectures on American History. Beijing: Peking University Press, pp. 85–87 and 92–96.
- 5.
Wang, Fang (2006). Reflections on Including Seas in the Nation’s Territorial Planning. Latest Trends in the Study of Maritime Development Strategies, no. 4; Xu, Zhiliang (2002). An Essay on Planning for China’s Maritime Economy in the “New East.” Study of Maritime Development Strategies, no. 9; Gao, Zhiguo (2000). On the Strategy of Developing the Great Ocean in the East in the Twenty-First Century. Study of Maritime Development Strategies, no. 3.
- 6.
In China, there are a total of 53 medium-to-large sized coastal cities as well as 238 coastal counties (county-level cities and districts). However, the collective economic effect of these cities has yet to be realized, perhaps due to the impact of existing household registration policies. Xu, Zhiliang, Fang, Kun, et al. (2008). The “New Eastern Region” for China: An Overall Vision for Land and Sea Planning. Beijing: National Ocean Science Press, pp. 19.
- 7.
Refer to: Liu, Rongzi and Qi, Lianming (2006). A Study of Value Systems of Uninhabited Islands in China. Beijing: China Ocean Press; and: Zeng, Jin (2010). Why the Awareness of Island is So Poor among the Chinese. Chinese National Geography, no. 10.
- 8.
Jacques, Martin (2010). When China Rules the World: The End of the Western World and The birth of a New Global Order. (Zhang, Li and Liu, Qu, trans.) Beijing: Citic Press, p. 241.
- 9.
Cheng, Hanping (2011). Vietnam’s Maritime Security Strategies and China’s Countermeasures. Forum of World Economics & Politics, no. 3.
- 10.
29. Kaplan, Robert D. (2013). Monsoon: The Indian Ocean and the Future of American Power. (Wu, Zhaoli, and Mao, Yue, trans.) Beijing: Social Sciences Academic Press, pp. 268–288.
- 11.
Lin, Heli (2009). China Changes Diplomatic Tack with Enhanced Strength. National Defense Journal, 16 May.
- 12.
Konstam, Angus (2010). Piracy: The Complete History. (Yang, Yujie, Zhao, Guomei, et al., trans.) Beijing: People’s Liberation Army Press, pp. 241–260.
- 13.
Ibid., pp. 264–268.
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Kong, Z. (2017). Peaceful Rise: Strategic Prospect and Recommendations. In: The Making of a Maritime Power. Research Series on the Chinese Dream and China’s Development Path. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-1786-5_6
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-1786-5_6
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