Abstract
This chapter focuses on the meso-organizational level and examines Chinese journalists’ reflections on objectivity and constraints in war zones. The author adopts the term Chinese-style pragmatic objectivity to mean that objectivity is a convenient approach for Chinese journalists to do war journalism in the field. At the level of objectivity-as-a-value, objectivity is defined as a pragmatic value and a practical ritual for Chinese journalists to do news within the scope they can reach and to justify their version of the truth. It promotes allegiance and patriotism. At the level of objectivity-as-a-practice, objectivity in war coverage is compromised by China’s foreign policies, military constraints, the press’s political orientations and editorial polices, and journalists’ personal experiences and values.
An earlier version of this chapter was published in Zhang, S. I. (2015) ‘Chinese-style pragmatic objectivity in war reporting’, Asian Journal of Communication, Volume: 25, Issue: 02, pp. 178–196. copyright © AMIC/SCI-NTU, reprinted by permission of Taylor & Francis Ltd, www.tandfonline.com on behalf of AMIC/SCI-NTU., v1.8. Licence number: 3726440980369.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Bibliography
Aday, S., Livingston, S., & Hebert, M. (2005). Embedding the truth: A cross-cultural analysis of objectivity and television coverage of the Iraq War. The International Journal of Press/Politics, 10(1), 3–21.
Anderson, F., & Trembath, R. (2011). Witnesses to war: The history of Australian conflict reporting. Melbourne: Melbourne University Publishing.
Anonymity. (2011). A rising power starts to knock against the limits of its hallowed “non-interference. The Economist, September 10. Retrieved May 9, 2012, from http://www.economist.com.hk/node/21528664
Bennett, W. L. (2003). News: The politics of illusion (5th ed.). New York: Addison Wesley Longman, Inc.
Berenger, R. D. (2005). Al Jazeera: In pursuit of ‘Contextual Objectivity’. Transnational Broadcasting Studies, 14, Spring. Retrieved June 17, 2013, from http://www.tbsjournal.com/ReviewsBerenger.html
Berry, S. J. (2005). Why objectivity still matters. Nieman Reports. Retrieved March 11, 2014, from http://www.nieman.harvard.edu/reports/article/101090/Why-Objectivity-Still-Matters.aspx
Boudana, S. (2010). On the values guiding the French practice of journalism: Interviews with thirteen war correspondents. Journalism, 11(3), 293–310.
Boudana, S. (2011). A definition of journalistic objectivity as a performance. Media Culture Society, 33, 385.
Campbell, L., & Wolseley, R. (1961). How to report and write the news. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall.
Carpentier, N., & Trioen, M. (2010). The particularity of objectivity: A post-structuralist and psychoanalytical reading of the gap between objectivity-as-a-value and objectivity-as-a-practice in the 2003 Iraqi War coverage. Journalism, 11(3), 311–328.
CCTV website. (2009). Introduction to China Central Television Station. 17 June. Retrieved June 21, 2013, from http://cctvenchiridion.cctv.com/20090617/113152.shtml
Deuze, M. (2005). What is journalism? Professional identity and ideology of journalists reconsidered. Journalism, 6(4), 442–464.
Dorsey, J. (2012, February 14). China needs to change its Middle East foreign policy. Fair Observer. Retrieved May 6, 2012, from http://www.fairobserver.com/article/china-needs-change-its-middle-east-foreign-policy
El-Nawawy, M., & Iskandar, A. (2002). The Minotaur of “contextual objectivity”: War coverage and the pursuit of accuracy with appeal. Transnational Broadcasting Studies, No. 9, Fall/Winter. Retrieved June 17, 2013, from http://www.tbsjournal.com/Archives/Fall02/Iskandar.html
Fahmy, S., & Johnson, T. J. (2005). “How we reported”: Embedded journalists’ attitudes and perceptions towards covering the Iraq War. Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly, 82(2), 301–307.
Feng, Q. (2012, July 13). The global times’ three success strategies (Huanqiu Shibao chenggong de san da celue). Retrieved July 25, 2014, from http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_5a4413f901013q85.html.
Gans, H. (1979). Deciding what’s news: A study of CBS evening news, NBC nightly news. Illinois: Northwestern University Press.
Hackett, R. A. (1984). Decline of a paradigm? Bias and objectivity in news media studies. Critical Studies in Mass Communication, 1(3), 229–259.
Hackett, R. A., & Zhao, Y. (1998). Sustaining democracy? Journalism and the politics of objectivity. Toronto: Garamond.
Hampton, M. (2008). The ‘objectivity’ ideal and its limitations in 20th century British journalism. Journalism Studies, 9(4), 477–493.
Harris, J., et al. (1981). The complete reporter (4th ed.). New York: Macmillan.
Horesh, N. (2012). China’s relations with the Middle East. In E. Kavalski (Ed.), The Ashgate research companion to Chinese foreign policy (pp. 223–236). Surrey: Ashgate.
Huang, C. (2012). China and peacekeeping operations. In E. Kavalski (Ed.), The Ashgate research companion to Chinese foreign policy (pp. 337–348). Surrey: Ashgate.
Iskandar, A., & El-Nawawy, M. (2004). Al-jazeera and war coverage in Iraq: The media’s quest for contextual objectivity. In S. Alan & B. Zelizer (Eds.), Reporting war: Journalism in wartime (pp. 315–332). New York: Routledge.
Iskankar, A. (2005). The great American bubble Fox News channel the mirage of objectivity and the isolation of American public opinion. In L. Artz & Y. R. Kamalipour (Eds.), Bring ’em on: Media and politics in The Iraq War. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield.
Kellner, D. (2008). War correspondents, the military and propaganda: Some critical reflections. International Journal of Communication, 2, 297–330.
Knightley, P. (2002). The first casualty: The war correspondent as hero and myth-maker from the Crimea to Kosovo. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Lee, C. (2010). Bound to rise: Chinese media discourses on the new global order. In M. Curtin & H. Shah (Eds.), Reorienting global communication: Indian and Chinese media beyond borders. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
Liang, L. (2011). Going live: News innovations amid constraints in the Chinese coverage of The Iraq War. Journalism, 13, 450–466.
Lu, X. (2012). A Burkean analysis of China Is Not Happy: A rhetoric of nationalism. Chinese Journal of Communication, 5(2), 194–209.
Mancini, P. (2000). Political complexity and alternative models of journalism: The Italian case. In J. Curran & M. Park (Eds.), De-westernizing media studies (pp. 265–278). New York: Routledge.
McBride, S. (1980). Many voices, one world. London: UNESCO.
McLaughlin, G. (2002). The war correspondent. London: Pluto Press.
McNair, B. (2013). Trust, truth and objectivity: Sustaining quality journalism in the era of the content-generating user. In C. Peters & M. Broersma (Eds.), Rethinking journalism: Trust and participation in a transformed news landscape. London: Routledge.
Melman, Y. (2011, September 22). China will not stop Israel if it decides to attack Iran. Haaretz. Retrieved May 8, 2012, from http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/features/china-will-not-stop-israel-if-it-decides-to-attack-iran-1.385950
Muñoz-Torres, J. R. (2012). Truth and objectivity in journalism. Journalism Studies, 13(4), 566–582.
Pan, Z., & Chan, J. M. (2003). Shifting journalistic paradigms: How China’s journalists assess “media exemplars”. Communication Research, 30, 649.
Pan, Z., & Lu, Y. (2003). Localizing professionalism: Discursive practices in China’s media reforms. In C.-c. Lee (Ed.), Chinese media, global contexts. London: Routledge.
Polumbaum, J. (2008). China ink: The changing face of Chinese journalism. New York: Roman & Littlefield Publishers Inc.
Ryan, M. (2001). Journalistic ethics, objectivity, existential journalism, standpoint epistemology, and public journalism. Journal of Mass Media Ethics, 16(1), 3–22.
Schudson, M. (1978). Discovering the News: A social history of American newspapers. New York: Basic Books.
Schudson, M. (2001). The objectivity norm in American journalism. Journalism, 2(2), 149–170.
Spencer, G. (2005). The media and peace: From Vietnam to the ‘War on terror’. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Tuchman, G. (1978). Making news: A study in the construction of reality. New York: The Free Press.
Tumber, H., & Prentoulis, M. (2003). Journalists under fire: Subcultures, objectivity and emotional literacy. In D. K. Thussu & D. Freedman (Eds.), War and the media. London: Sage Publications.
Tumber, H., & Webster, F. (2006). Journalists under fire – Information war and journalistic practices. London: Sage.
Ward, S. J. (1998). An answer to Martin Bell: Objectivity and attachment in journalism. Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics, 3(3), 121–125.
Ward, S. J. A. (2004). Invention of journalism ethics: The path to objectivity and beyond. Canada: McGill-Queen’s Press.
Williams, K. (2011). International journalism. London: Sage.
Xiao, G. (2005). Liberals and conservatives since China’s reform and opening up (Zhongguo gaige kaifang yilai zhengzhi zhong de ziyoupai he baoshoupai). Retrieved June 21, 2013, from http://www.aisixiang.com/data/6771.html?page=1
Zhang, S. (2013). The new breed of Chinese war correspondents: Their motivations and roles, and the impact of digital technology. Media, War and Conflict, 6(3), 311–325.
Zhao, Y. (2012). Understanding China’s media system in a world historical context. In D. C. Hallin & P. Mancini (Eds.), Comparing media systems beyond the Western world. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2016 The Author(s)
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Zhang, S.I. (2016). Objectivity and Constraints in War Reporting. In: Chinese War Correspondents. Palgrave Series in Asia and Pacific Studies. Palgrave Macmillan, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-1738-4_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-1738-4_3
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-10-1737-7
Online ISBN: 978-981-10-1738-4
eBook Packages: Literature, Cultural and Media StudiesLiterature, Cultural and Media Studies (R0)