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A Survey of Modern and Contemporary China’s Coal Railway Development

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Energy Transitions in Japan and China

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Abstract

This chapter is a literature review of multi-lingual sources related to the historical development of Chinese coal railway and coal use from the early modern period to contemporary China. It does not pretend to be comprehensive but is designed to indicate that China’s difficulties in transporting coal resources is not a new phenomenon. The challenge evolved from constructing early railway systems for China’s pioneering coal mines, to expanding these systems beyond neighbouring areas, to changes in ownership of the mines and their facilities, to southern distribution of northern coal resources. The literature review will de-exceptionalize this problem as a contemporary issue and highlight its long historical roots, drawing from both primary and secondary sources.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Hu, Tianyu and Li Ruiling, Zhongguo meitan zhiyuan yuanjing yuche (Beijing: Dizhi chubanshe), 1995, p. 125.

  2. 2.

    Freese, Barbara, Coal A Human History (London and NY: Penguin Books), 2003, p. 216.

  3. 3.

    G. William Skinner, “Presidential Address: The Structure of Chinese History,” Journal of Asian Studies, 44.2 (1985): p.272.

  4. 4.

    Wright, Tim, The Political Economy of the Chinese Coal Industry (NY and Oxon UK: Routledge), 2012, p. 27.

  5. 5.

    Wright, Tim, The Political Economy of the Chinese Coal Industry (NY and Oxon UK: Routledge), 2012, p. 27.

  6. 6.

    Wright, Tim, The Political Economy of the Chinese Coal Industry (NY and Oxon UK: Routledge), 2012, p. 27.

  7. 7.

    Wright, Tim, Coal Mining in China’s Economy and Society, 1895–1937 (Great Britain: Cambridge University Press), 1984, p. 57.

  8. 8.

    Wright, Tim, Coal Mining in China’s Economy and Society, 1895–1937 (Great Britain: Cambridge University Press), 1984, p. 65.

  9. 9.

    G. William Skinner, “Regional Urbanization in Nineteenth-Century China,” in The City in Late Imperial China, ed. G. William Skinner (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1977), p.217.

  10. 10.

    G. William Skinner, “Regional Urbanization in Nineteenth-Century China,” in The City in Late Imperial China, ed. G. William Skinner (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1977), p. 217.

  11. 11.

    G. William Skinner, “Cities and the Hierarchy of Local Systems,” in The City in Late Imperial China, ed. G. William Skinner (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1977), p. 286.

  12. 12.

    Fu, Tingshun, Zhongguo kuangchang dafaxian (Jinan: Shangdong shubao chubanshe), 2011, p. 10.

  13. 13.

    Wu, Yuan-Li, Economic Development and the Use of Energy Resources in Communist China (NY and London: Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace and Frederick A. Praeger), 1963, p. 101.

  14. 14.

    Carin, Robert, Power Industry in Communist China (HK: Union Research Institute), 1969, p. 4.

  15. 15.

    Carin, Robert, Power Industry in Communist China (HK: Union Research Institute), 1969, p. 26.

  16. 16.

    Carlson, Ellsworth C., The Kaiping Mines (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press and East Asian Research Center Harvard University), 1971, p. 21.

  17. 17.

    Carlson, Ellsworth C., The Kaiping Mines (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press and East Asian Research Center Harvard University), 1971, pp. 21–22.

  18. 18.

    Lyons, Thomas P., “Transportation in Chinese Development, 1952–1982” dated April 1985 in The Journal of Developing Areas 19 (Jstor), 1985, pp. 305 and 310.

  19. 19.

    Hu, Rongquan, Zhongguo meikuang (Translated by author: Chinese coal mine) (China: Shangwu yinshuguan), 1935, pp. 6–7.

  20. 20.

    Hu, Rongquan, Zhongguo meikuang (Translated by author: Chinese coal mine) (China: Shangwu yinshuguan), 1935, pp. 6–7.

  21. 21.

    Ellsworth, C. Carlson, The Kaiping Mines, 1877–1912 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press), 1971, p. 9.

  22. 22.

    Ellsworth, C. Carlson, The Kaiping Mines, 1877–1912 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press), 1971, p. 18.

  23. 23.

    Ellsworth, C. Carlson, The Kaiping Mines, 1877–1912 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press), 1971, pp. 20–21.

  24. 24.

    Ellsworth, C. Carlson, The Kaiping Mines, 1877–1912 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press), 1971, p. 21.

  25. 25.

    Bruce A. Elleman and Stephen Kotkin (editors), Manchurian Railways and the Opening of China (NY and London: M.E. Sharpe), 2010.

  26. 26.

    Bruce A. Elleman and Stephen Kotkin (editors), Manchurian Railways and the Opening of China (NY and London: M.E. Sharpe), 2010, upaginate.

  27. 27.

    Elleman, Bruce A. and Stephen Kotkin (editors), Manchurian Railways and the Opening of China (NY and London: M.E. Sharpe), 2010, unpaginated.

  28. 28.

    Zhang, Weibao, Jiannan de Tengfei Huabei Xinshi Meikuang yu Zhongguo Xiandaihua (China: Xiamen University Press), 2011, p. 193.

  29. 29.

    Hu, Zhonggui (editor), Shanxi meitan gongye jianshi (Shanxi, China: Shanxi kexue jiaoyu chubanshe), 1988, p. 54. Shanxi is one of the major coal-producing regions in China. (Note: literatures published in the PRC during this period (in the 1980s and before) tended to highlight the Chinese Communist Party CCP’s ideological contributions to the growth of post-1949 heavy industries.)

  30. 30.

    Hu, Zhonggui (editor), Shanxi meitan gongye jianshi (Shanxi, China: Shanxi kexue jiaoyu chubanshe), 1988, p. 54.

  31. 31.

    Hu, Zhonggui (editor), Shanxi meitan gongye jianshi (Shanxi, China: Shanxi kexue jiaoyu chubanshe), 1988, p. 54.

  32. 32.

    Hu, Zhonggui (editor), Shanxi meitan gongye jianshi (Shanxi, China: Shanxi kexue jiaoyu chubanshe), 1988, p. 54.

  33. 33.

    Hu, Zhonggui (editor), Shanxi meitan gongye jianshi (Shanxi, China: Shanxi kexue jiaoyu chubanshe), 1988, p. 54.

  34. 34.

    Li Qitao, Tielu jingying gailun (Taiwan: publisher unknown), 1955, pp. 185–186.

  35. 35.

    Wright, Tim, Coal Mining in China’s Economy and Society, 1895–1937 (Great Britain: Cambridge University Press), 1984, pp. 65 and 66.

  36. 36.

    Chuushi kensetsu shiryou seibijigyoujyou, 湘鄂 tetsudou, ensen tankou chousa houkou (Shanghai: Chuushi kensetsu shiryou seibijigyoujyou), 1941, p. 37.

  37. 37.

    Wright, Tim, The Political Economy of The Chinese Coal Industry (NY and London: Routledge), 2012, pp. 20–21.

  38. 38.

    Wright, Tim, The Political Economy of The Chinese Coal Industry (NY and London: Routledge), 2012, p. 21.

  39. 39.

    Matsusaka, Y. Tak, “Japan’s South Manchuria Railway Company in Northeast China, 1906–34” in Manchurian Railways and the Opening of China edited by Bruce A. Elleman and Stephen Kotkin (Armonk, NY and London, England: M.E. Sharpe), 2010, p. 39.

  40. 40.

    Matsusaka, Y. Tak, “Japan’s South Manchuria Railway Company in Northeast China, 1906–34” in Manchurian Railways and the Opening of China edited by Bruce A. Elleman and Stephen Kotkin (Armonk, NY and London, England: M.E. Sharpe), 2010, p. 39.

  41. 41.

    Murakushi, Nisaburo, “Fig. 2. Map Showing Fushun and the Manchurian Railway” in the IDE Jetro website [downloaded on 10 February 2013], (Japan: Institute of Developing Economies Japan External Trade Organization IDE-JETRO), 1981, available at http://d-arch.ide.go.jp/je_archive/english/society/another_win/je_unu47_p025_z02.html

  42. 42.

    Zhang Weibao, Jiannan de Tengfei Huabei Xinshi Meikuang yu Zhongguo Xiandaihua (Xiamen: Xiamen University Press), 2012, p. 105. I tried to search for the footnotes and bibliographic sources for this “Genashi report” quotation but was unable to locate it. The original Chinese quotation reads (in Hanyu Pinyin): “(Shanxi yi kai zhi meijing shenduo, ran chumei bujian duozhe, fei kuangchan bufeng, jie daolu qiqu, zaiyun bubian zhi guer. [山西已开之煤井甚多,然出煤不见多者,非矿产不丰,皆道路崎岖,载运不便之故耳]”.

  43. 43.

    Shangwu yinshuguan (The Commercial Press), Zhongguo meitan yice (Chinese Coal Volume 1) (Shanghai: The Commercial Press), 1935 [translation by Lim], p. 457. The Commercial Press is a reputable private sector-based printing house keen on producing books that promoted China’s modernity.

  44. 44.

    Shangwu yinshuguan (The Commercial Press), Zhongguo meitan yice (Chinese Coal Volume 1) (Shanghai: The Commercial Press), 1935 [translation by Lim], p. 457.

  45. 45.

    Murakushi, Nisaburo, “FIG. 2. Map Showing Fushun and the Manchurian Railway” in the IDE Jetro website [downloaded on 10 February 2013], (Japan: Institute of Developing Economies Japan External Trade Organization IDE-JETRO), 1981, available at http://d-arch.ide.go.jp/je_archive/english/society/another_win/je_unu47_p025_z02.html, p. 67.

  46. 46.

    Murakushi, Nisaburo, “FIG. 2. Map Showing Fushun and the Manchurian Railway” in the IDE Jetro website [downloaded on 10 February 2013], (Japan: Institute of Developing Economies Japan External Trade Organization IDE-JETRO), 1981, available at http://d-arch.ide.go.jp/je_archive/english/society/another_win/je_unu47_p025_z02.html, p. 67.

  47. 47.

    Wu, Yuan-Li (with the assistance of H.C. Ling), Economic Development and the Use of Energy Resources in Communist China (NY and London: Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace/Frederick A. Praeger), 1963, p. 47.

  48. 48.

    Xiao, Gang and Ma Li (editors), Heise de jinzi—Meitan kaifa, liyong yu qianjing (Beijing: Huaxue Gongye Chubanshe), 2009, pp. 18–19.

  49. 49.

    Mo Heng, Tielu zhuzhi yu yemu (Taipei: Zhongguo jiaotong jianshe xuehui yinhang), 1955, p. 52.

  50. 50.

    Renmin tielu chubanshe, Tielu yunshu shebei (Beijing: Renmin tielu chubanshe), 1976, p. 2.

  51. 51.

    Meitan gongyebu caiwushi zhuzhi (editor), Meitan gongye jijian caiwu guanli (Beijing: Meitan gongye chubanshe), 1981, p. 149.

  52. 52.

    Renmin tielu chubanshe, Tielu yunshu shebei (Beijing: Renmin tielu chubanshe), 1976, p. 97.

  53. 53.

    Kailuan Workers’ Writing Group, The Kailuan Story—Old Mines into New (Peking: Foreign Languages Press), 1977, p. 3.

  54. 54.

    JETRO, Chugokuno sekitan shigen (Japan: JETRO), 1979, p. 66.

  55. 55.

    Central Intelligence Agency, Research Aid China: The Coal Industry (Washington: CIA), 1976, p. 4.

  56. 56.

    Dangdai Zhongguo chongshu editorial committee, Contemporary China: Coal Industry (Dangdai Zhongguode meitan gongye) (Hong Kong and Beijing: Dangdai zhongguo chubanshe and Xianggang zhuguo chubanshe), 2009, p. 153. Translation for the Chinese word dianjiche to electric locomotives carried out using the Google Translate online software available at http://translate.google.com.hk/?hl=en#auto/en/%E7%94%B5%E6%9C%BA%E8%BD%A6

  57. 57.

    Dangdai Zhongguo chongshu editorial committee, Contemporary China: Coal Industry (Dangdai Zhongguode meitan gongye) (Hong Kong and Beijing: Dangdai zhongguo chubanshe and Xianggang zhuguo chubanshe), 2009, p. 154.

  58. 58.

    Dangdai Zhongguo chongshu editorial committee, Contemporary China: Coal Industry (Dangdai Zhongguode meitan gongye) (Hong Kong and Beijing: Dangdai zhongguo chubanshe and Xianggang zhuguo chubanshe), 2009, p. 472.

  59. 59.

    Qian Zhonghou (editor), Tielu yunying zhishi (Beijing: Renmin tielu chubanshe), 1978, p. 57.

  60. 60.

    Guo, Guiwu, Chong Wenjun, Song Quanguo, Hu Yuzhen, Chen Jishen, Lu Dingfu, Shen Chongzhang and Li Yipu (editors), Tielu laodong baohu jiangyi zhiba (Beijing: Zhongguo tielu chubanshe), 1989, p. 1.

  61. 61.

    Li Haoran, Guidebook on Legal Risk Control and Regulation Management in Coal Enterprises—Meitan Qiye Falu Fengxian Kongzhi Yu GuanLi Guizhang Zhinan (Beijing: China Legal Publishing House), 2012, pp. 7–8.

  62. 62.

    Wang Qingyi (editor), Zhongguo Nengyuan (Hebei: Yejin gongye chubanshe), 1988, p. 118.

  63. 63.

    Beijing Zhoubaoshe (editor), Zhongguo: meitan shengchan daguo (Beijing: Xinxing chubanshe), 1990, p. 1.

  64. 64.

    Asian Development Bank (ADB), People’s Republic of China: Coal Mine Safety Study (Manila: ADB), 2006, p. 1.

  65. 65.

    Coal Industry Advisory Board International Energy Agency, Coal in the Energy Supply of China (Paris, France: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)/International Energy Agency (IEA)), 1999, p. 32.

  66. 66.

    Thorndike, Edward H., Energy and Environment: A Prier for Scientists and Engineers (Beijing: Yuanzhi Nengyuan Chubanshe/Addison-Wesley Publishing Company), 1976, p. 41.

  67. 67.

    Coal Industry Advisory Board, Coal in the Energy Supply of China Report of the CIAB Asia Committee (Paris France: International Energy Agency), 1999, p. 43.

  68. 68.

    Coal Industry Advisory Board, Coal in the Energy Supply of China Report of the CIAB Asia Committee (Paris France: International Energy Agency), 1999, p. 43.

  69. 69.

    Coal Industry Advisory Board, Coal in the Energy Supply of China Report of the CIAB Asia Committee (Paris France: International Energy Agency), 1999, pp. 9–10.

  70. 70.

    Chinese Academy of Social Sciences Gongye Jingji Yanjiushuo (Industrial Economic Research Institute), Zhongguo gongye fazhan baogao (Beijing: Jingji Guanli Chubanshe), 1999, pp. 264–265.

  71. 71.

    Yue Fubin (chief editor), Annual Report on Coal Industry in China (2011–2015) (Beijing: Social Sciences Academic Press China), 2012, p. 265.

  72. 72.

    Hefner, Robert, The Grand Energy Transition (Beijing: China Citic Press), 2009 [Chinese edition translated by China Citic Press], p. 176.

  73. 73.

    Zhang, Minglin (chief editor) and Han Mei (deputy chief editor), Zhongguomei de jiejing liyong jianlun yankuang meihuagong chanye fazhan (Beijing: Huaxue gongye chubanshe), 2007, p. 269.

  74. 74.

    Watts, Jonathan, When a Billion Chinese Jump (London: Faber and Faber), 2010, p. 209.

  75. 75.

    Xu, Zhengang and Qu Sijian (editors), Xinxing meihuagong ji shijian (Beijing: Zhongguo shihua chubanshe), 2011, unpaginated foreword.

  76. 76.

    Jing Quanzhong, The Dynamic Mechanism of Coal Mine Work Safety in China (Beijing: Kexue Chubanshe), 2013, p. 6.

  77. 77.

    Hao, Yongyue, Mei tan qi ye te se wen hua jian she lu jing yan jiu, (Beijing: Enterprise Management Publishing House), 2012, pp. 155–156.

  78. 78.

    Ng, Eric, “Shenhua continues move away from coal” dated 1 April 2014 in the South China Morning Post (SCMP) (HK: SCMP), 2014, p. B6.

  79. 79.

    Reuters, “Inner Mongolia coal mines bear brunt of downturn” dated 3 April 2014 in the South China Morning Post (SCMP) (HK: SCMP), 2014, p. B2.

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    Tai Wei Lim

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Lim, T.W. (2017). A Survey of Modern and Contemporary China’s Coal Railway Development. In: Energy Transitions in Japan and China. Palgrave Macmillan, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-1681-3_3

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