Abstract
A smart city is viewed as a sustainable, inclusive and prosperous city that promotes a people-centric approach based on three core components and seven dimensions. The three core components are Smart City Foundation, ICT and Smart Institutions and Laws, which in turn are the pillars of the seven dimensions of a smart city: Infrastructure Development, Environmental Sustainability, Social Development, Social Inclusion, Disasters Exposure, Resilience, and Peace and Security. The three components together with the seven dimensions make a Smart Economy. A smart city foundation is composed of three elements: Urban Planning and Design, Land Policies and Basic Infrastructure. For a city foundation to be smart, it must be inclusive at the onset of the urban planning and promotes mixed neighborhoods where social clustering is discouraged. The chapter’s first section analyzes the planning of the city of Dakar, an agglomeration of 3.2 million people in 2015. During these past two centuries of growth of the agglomeration of Dakar, urban planning has served as a tool of social exclusion with poor living in unplanned wetland settlements characterized by lack of sufficient land allocated to streets and public spaces, and lack of security of tenure, the latter being the focus of the second section. These settlements are also characterized by insufficient coverage of basic infrastructure such as connection to piped water facilities, sewerage and drainage systems, energy source and solid management; this is analyzed in the third section. Building in unplanned wetlands without adequate drainage systems exposes the population of Dakar, particularly of the suburbs, to flooding that causes various material and financial damages and losses. The fourth section focuses on the flooding: occurrences, causes, consequences and responses. Today, national and local authorities are working together to make the city of Dakar a smart city through Urban and Territorial Development Programmes. Taking back the city of Dakar where it belongs, a green, smart city, will require transformative policies and actions including establishing new planned settlements and a re-planning of the city itself where agriculture activities and green spaces have their effective places. The Plan Directeur 2035 of Dakar as adopted in 2014 explores the foundations for sustainable urban development, with establishment of six new urban centers around the capital. The fifth section of this chapter focuses on analysis of several policies and programs initiated by national and local authorities under the ambitious program, the Senegal Emerging Plan “Plan Senegal Emergent,” aim to make a Dakar a smart city with a smart economy.
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Notes
- 1.
Once the land is acquired, another element that depends to legal institutional framework is the acquisition of a building permit, which is at the authority of the local governing body on land use and planning for construction or renovation of a property. Another element that lies to the authority is the cadaster system, which is a parcel based and up-to-date land information system containing a record of interests in land (i.e., rights, restrictions and responsibilities). Indeed, security of tenure depends heavily to the land governance that establishes the rules, processes and structures through which decisions are made regarding access to and the use of land, the manner in which those decisions are implemented and the way that conflicting interests in land are managed. In many cities of the developing regions, poor land governance is surrounded by poor land administration or registration characterized by a poor determination, recording and dissemination of information about tenure, value and use of land during the implementation of land management policies.
- 2.
United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNUSED). The reporting gaps underline the need for UNISDR and partners to continue working with governments to establish robust and well-maintained national disaster loss databases to improve record-keeping and accountability. Universally acceptable loss indicators are currently under development to measure progress in reducing disaster losses as set out in the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030.
- 3.
The term hazard refers to a severe or extreme event such as a flood, storm, cold spell or heatwave which occurs naturally anywhere in the world. Hazards only become disasters when human lives are lost and livelihoods damaged or destroyed. Rises in the global population increase the risk of disasters because more people live in harm’s way (Reference: Centre for Research on the Epidemiology od Disasters (CRED) and UNISDR; The Human Cost of weather related disasters (1995–2015)).
- 4.
Some are exposed to the threat of eviction as it recently happened, in 2015, at the City Tobago near the international airport.
- 5.
Flood risk and land occupation in Dakar outskirts. Does climate variability reveal inconsistent urban management? Cheikh Mbow, A Diop, AT Diaw University Cheikh Anta Diop, Institute of Environmental Sciences, Laboratoire d'Enseignem, Dakar, Senegal. An integrated analysis has been made using land use maps, local topography using DTM (SRTM) and field surveys to show factors and implications of flooding in the outskirts of Dakar called Yeumbeul. Physical and human driving factors are integrated in the analysis. The impacts on environment and health are analyzed against policy for flood aftermath and beyond with the so-called Diaxaay State plan for flood prevention.
- 6.
A United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction Perspective. A major stocktaking exercise took place on the learning from implementation of the Hyogo Framework for Action 2005–2015: Building the Resilience of Nations and Communities to Disasters (HFA) starting in 2012.
- 7.
The Sendai Framework’s seven targets focus on substantial reductions in (1) disaster mortality, (2) number of affected people, (3) direct economic losses and (4) reducing damage to critical infrastructure and disruption of basic services. The Sendai Framework also seeks a substantial increase in (5) national and local disaster risk reduction strategies by 2020, (6) enhanced cooperation to developing countries, and (7) a substantial increase in multi-hazard early warning systems, disaster risk information and assessments.
- 8.
The project hosted by the Ministry of Architectural Heritage, Housing and Construction, following the dissolution of the National Agency against Floods and Slums (ANLIB).
- 9.
This project was supported by the World Bank.
- 10.
The PROGEP is being implemented together with priority measures such as: The Government designated the Municipal Development Agency (ADM) with PROGEP preparation and implementation, PROGEP was officially launched in November 2012, but preparation of the master plan for storm water drainage in the outlying areas of Dakar and the preparation of technical drainage studies began in 2011. The budget of PROGEP is USD 72.9 million of which USD 55.6 million through the World Bank; USD 10.6 million from the Senegalese government, USD 4.1 million from the Nordic Development Fund and USD 2.6 million by ADM. Additional funding was being negotiated with the World Bank, IDB and AfDB.
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Mboup, G., Diongue, M., Ndiaye, S. (2017). Smart City Foundation—Driver of Smart Cities. In: Vinod Kumar, T. (eds) Smart Economy in Smart Cities. Advances in 21st Century Human Settlements. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-1610-3_30
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