Skip to main content

Part of the book series: Energy Systems in Electrical Engineering ((ESIEE))

  • 712 Accesses

Abstract

General background of the power system and its protection scheme is discussed in this chapter. It also covers the requirements of protection systems and importance of primary and back-up relaying. Consequently, history of protective relays and concepts of adaptive relays are discussed in this chapter. This chapter ends with providing the research opportunities in the area of digital protection of single infeed and double infeed transmission lines for high resistance ground faults, protection of uncompensated/series compensated transmission lines for different types of simultaneous faults (earthed/unearthed inter-circuit faults, simultaneous open conductor and ground fault) and protection of series compensated lines for phase faults.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. B.A. Oza, N.C. Nair, R.P. Mehta, V.H. Makwana, Power System Protection and Switchgear (Tata Mcgraw Hill, New Delhi, India, 2010)

    Google Scholar 

  2. W.A. Elmore, Protective Relaying Theory and Applications (Marcel Dekker Inc., New York, 2004)

    Google Scholar 

  3. B.R. Bhalja, R.P. Maheshwari, N.G. Chothani, Protection and Switchgear (Oxford Higher Education, India, 2011)

    Google Scholar 

  4. ABB Transmission and Distribution Management Ltd., Protection Application Handbook. (BU TS/Global LEC Support, Sweden)

    Google Scholar 

  5. ALSTOM Grid, Network protection & automation guide. Edition May 2011, ISBN:978-0-9568678-0-3

    Google Scholar 

  6. C.R. Mason, The Art and Science of Protective Relaying (Wiley Eastern Limited, New Delhi, 1987)

    Google Scholar 

  7. J.L. Blackburn, T.J. Domin, Protective relaying: principles and applications, 3rd edn. (CRC Press, 2006)

    Google Scholar 

  8. S.H. Horowitz, A.G. Phadke, Power system relaying (John Wiley & Sons Ltd, England, 2008)

    Book  Google Scholar 

  9. L.P. Singh, Digital Protection: Protective Relaying From Electromechanical to Microprocessor, 2ed edn. (New Age International Private Limited, 2006)

    Google Scholar 

  10. G.D. Rockefeller, Fault protection with a digital computer. IEEE Trans. Power Appl. Syst. PAS-88(4), 438–464 (1969)

    Google Scholar 

  11. G.R. Slemon, S.D.T. Robertson, M. Ramamoorty, High Speed Protection of Power Systems Based on Improved System Models (CIGRE, Paris, 1969), Paper No. 31–09

    Google Scholar 

  12. M. Ramamoorty, A note on impedance measurement using digital computers. IEE-IERE Proc. (India) 9(6), 2143–2147 (1971)

    Google Scholar 

  13. B.J. Mann, I.F. Morrison, Digital calculation of impedance for transmission line protection. IEEE Trans. Power Apparatus Syst. PAS-90, 270–279 (1971)

    Google Scholar 

  14. B.J. Mann, I.F. Morrison, Relaying a three-phase transmission line with a digital computer. IEEE Trans. Power Apparatus Syst. PAS-90(2), 742–750 (1971)

    Google Scholar 

  15. B.R. Bhalja, R.P. Maheshwari, High resistance faults on two terminal parallel transmission line: analysis, simulation studies and an adaptive distance relaying scheme. IEEE Trans. Power Delivery 22(2), 801–812 (2007)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Z. Zhizhe, C. Deshu, an adaptive approach in digital distance protection. IEEE Trans. Power Delivery 6(1), 135–142 (1991)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. T.E. Dyliacco, The adaptive reliability control system. IEEE Trans. Power Apparatus Syst. PAS-86(5), 517–531 (1967)

    Google Scholar 

  18. S.H. Horowitz, A.G. Phadke, J.S. Thorp, Adaptive transmission system relaying. IEEE Trans. Power Delivery 3(4), 1436–1445 (1988)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Y.Q. Xia, A.K. David, K.K. Li, High-resistance faults on a multi-terminal line: analysis, simulated studies and an adaptive distance relaying scheme. IEEE Trans. Power Delivery 9(1), 492–500 (1994)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Y.Q. Xia, K.K. Li, A.K. David, Adaptive relay setting for standalone digital distance protection. IEEE Trans. Power Delivery 9(1), 480–491 (1994)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. B. Stedall, P. Moore, A. Johns, J. Goody, M. Burt, An investigation into the use of adaptive setting techniques for improved distance backup protection. IEEE Trans. Power Delivery 11(2), 757–762 (1996)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. A.G. Phadke, S.H. Horowitz, Adaptive relaying. IEEE Tractions Comput. Appl. Power 3(3), 47–51 (1990)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. A.K. Jampala, S.S. Venkata, M.J. Damborg, Adaptive transmission protection concepts and computational issues. IEEE Trans. Power Delivery 4(1), 177–185 (1989)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. G.D. Rockefeller, C.L. Wagner, J.R. Linders, K.L. Hicks, D.T. Rizy, Adaptive transmission relaying concepts for improved performance. IEEE Trans. Power Delivery 3(4), 1446–1458 (1988)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. IEEE Power System Relaying Committee, Feasibility of adaptive protection and control. IEEE Trans. Power Delivery 8(3), 975–983 (1993)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. J. Zaborszky, M. Ilic-Spong, G. Huang, F. Dobraca, Computer control of the large power system during faults for inherently adaptive selective protection. IEEE Power Engineering Review, PER-7(5), 54–55 (1987)

    Google Scholar 

  27. Protective Relay Engineers, in Fundamentals of Distance Protection, 61st Annual Conference, 1–3 April 2008, College Station, TX, USA, pp. 1–34

    Google Scholar 

  28. M.M. Eissa, Ground distance relay compensation based on fault resistance calculation. IEEE Trans. Power Delivery 21(4), 1830–1835 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. A.D. Filomena, R.H. Salim, M. Resener, A.S. Bretas, Ground distance relaying with fault-resistance compensation for unbalanced systems. IEEE Trans. Power Delivery 23(3), 1319–1326 (2008)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Z.Y. Xu, S.J. Jiang, Q.X. Yang, T.S. Bi, Ground distance relaying algorithm for high resistance fault. IET Gener. Transm. Distrib. 4(1), 27–35 (2010)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. B.R. Bhalja, R.P. Maheshwari, An adaptive distance relaying scheme using radial basis function neural network. Electric Power Compon. Syst. 35(3), 245–259 (2007). Taylor & Francis

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. K.K. Li, L.L. Lai, A.K. David, Stand alone intelligent digital distance relay. IEEE Trans. Power Delivery 15(1), 137–142 (2000)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. M.E. Erezzaghi, P.A. Crossley, in The Effect of High Resistance Faults on A Distance Relay. IEEE Power Engineering Society General Meeting, vol 4, 13–17 July 2003, pp. 2128–2133

    Google Scholar 

  34. M.E. Erezzaghi, P.A. Crossley, R. Elferes, in Design and Evaluation of An Adaptive Distance Protection Scheme Suitable for Series Compensated Transmission Feeders. Eighth IEEE International Conference on Developments in Power System Protection, vol. 2, 5–8 April 2004, pp. 453–456

    Google Scholar 

  35. V. Cook, Distance protection performance during simultaneous faults. Proc. Inst. Electr. Eng. 124(2), 141–146 (1977)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. F.M. Abouelenin, in A Complete Algorithm to Fault Calculation Due to Simultaneous Faults—Combination of Short Circuits and Open Lines. 11th Mediterranean Electrotechnical Conference, Cairo, Egypt, 7–9 May 2002, pp. 522–526

    Google Scholar 

  37. D.R. Smith, Digital simulation of simultaneous unbalances involving open and faulted conductors. IEEE Trans. Power Apparatus Syst. PAS-89(8), 1826–1835 (1970)

    Google Scholar 

  38. A.G. Phadke, L. Jihuang, A new computer based integrated distance relay for parallel transmission lines. IEEE Trans. Power Apparatus Syst., PAS-104(2), 445–452 (1985)

    Google Scholar 

  39. Z.X. Han, generalized method of analysis of simultaneous faults in electric power system. IEEE Trans. Power Apparatus Syst. PAS-101(10), 3933–3942 (1982)

    Google Scholar 

  40. D.J. Spoor, J. Zhu, Inter-circuit faults and distance relaying of dual-circuit lines. IEEE Trans. Power Delivery 20(3), 1846–1852 (2005)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. R. Bualoti, P. Pugliese, F. Torelli, M. Trovato, in A Generalized Method for Simultaneous Fault Analysis. IEEE Electrotechnical Conference, vol. 2, MELECON 1996, Bari, ITALY, 13–16 May, 1996, pp. 721–725

    Google Scholar 

  42. T. Udo, Multiline simultaneous faults on transmission lines due to winter lightning. IEEE Trans. Power Delivery 19(1), 248–254 (2004)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. M.I. Gilany, O.P. Malik, G.S. Hope, A laboratory investigation of a digital protection technique for parallel transmission lines. IEEE Trans. Power Delivery 10(1), 187–193 (1995)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. R. Kondow, Y. Sugiyama, M. Yamada, in Microprocessor-Based Fault Locator, IEEE Conference Publication, No. 249, April 1985, pp. 188–192

    Google Scholar 

  45. M. Agrasar, F. Uriondo, J.R. Hemandez, Evaluation of uncertainties in double lines distance relaying—a global sight. IEEE Trans. Power Delivery 13(4), 1033–1039 (1998)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. B.R. Bhalja, R.P. Maheshwari, Protection of transmission line paralleled along the same right of way. Electric Power Compon. Syst. 36(3), 239–249 (2008). Taylor & Francis

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. B.R. Bhalja, R.P. Maheshwari, U.B. Parikh, A new digital relaying scheme for parallel transmission line. Int. J. Emerg. Electric Power Syst. 10(3), Article 3, 1–26 (2009) (Berkeley Electronic Press, Canada)

    Google Scholar 

  48. J. Holbach, G. Steynberg, in Loop Selective Direction Measurement For Distance Protection. IEEE 58th Annual Conference on Protective Relay Engineers, A & M University, Texas, 5–7 April 2005, pp. 245–249

    Google Scholar 

  49. Y. Hu, D. Novosel, M.M. Saha, V. Leitloff, An adaptive scheme for parallel-line distance protection. IEEE Trans. Power Delivery 17(1), 105–110 (2002)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  50. P. Jena, A.K. Pradhan, A positive-sequence directional relaying algorithm for series-compensated line. IEEE Trans. Power Delivery 25(4), 2288–2298 (2010)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. R.K. Gajbhiye, B. Gopi, P. Kulkarni, S.A. Soman, Computationally efficient methodology for analysis of faulted power systems with series-compensated transmission lines: a phase coordinate approach. IEEE Trans. Power Delivery 23(2), 873–880 (2008)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  52. U.B. Parikh, B. Das, R.P. Maheshwari, Combined wavelet-SVM technique for fault zone detection in a series compensated transmission line. IEEE Trans. Power Delivery 23(4), 1789–1794 (2008)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  53. P.M. Anderson, Power System Protection (IEEE Press Power Engineering Series, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1999)

    Google Scholar 

  54. U.B. Parikh, B.R. Bhalja, R.P. Maheshwari, B. Das, Decision tree based fault classification scheme for protection of series compensated transmission lines. Int. J. Emerg. Electr. Power Syst. 8(6), Article 1, 1–12 (2007) (Berkeley Electronic Press, Canada)

    Google Scholar 

  55. S. Jamali, A. Kazemi, H. Shateri, in Measured Impedance for Inter Phase Faults in Presence of TCSC Considering MOV Operation. IEEE Conference on Electrical Power and Energy, Vancouver, BC, Canada, 6–7 October 2008

    Google Scholar 

  56. P.J. Moore, R.K. Aggarwal, H. Jiang, A.T. Johns, New approach to distance protection for resistive double-phase to earth faults using adaptive techniques. IEE Proc.Gener. Transm. Distrib. 141(4), 369–376 (1994)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  57. Y.J. Ahn, S.H. Kang, S.J. Lee, Y.C. Kang, in An Adaptive Distance Relaying Algorithm Immune to Reactance Effect for Double-Circuit Transmission Line Systems. IEEE Power Engineering Society Summer Meeting, vol. 1, Vancouver, BC, 15–19th July 2001, pp. 599–604

    Google Scholar 

  58. Y. Zhang, Q. Zhang, W. Song, Y. Yu, X. Li, Transmission line fault location for double phase-to-earth fault on non-direct-ground neutral system. IEEE Trans. Power Delivery 15(2), 520–524 (2000)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  59. M.I. Gilany, O.P. Malik, G.S. Hope, A digital protection technique for parallel transmission lines using a single relay at each end. IEEE Trans. Power Delivery 7(1), 118–125 (1992)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  60. M.M. Eissa, M. Masoud, A novel digital distance relaying technique for transmission line protection. IEEE Trans. Power Delivery 16(3), 380–384 (2001)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  61. F. Ghassemi, J. Goodarzi, A.T. Johns, Method to improve digital distance relay impedance measurement when used in series compensated lines protected by a metal oxide varistor. IEE Proc. Gener. Transm. Distrib. 145(4), 403–408 (1998)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  62. H.J. Altuve, J.B. Mooney, G.E. in Alexander, Advances in Series-Compensated Line Protection, 62nd Annual Protective Relay Engineers Conference, Austin, TX, 27 May 2009, pp. 263–275

    Google Scholar 

  63. M.M. Saha, B. Kasztenny, E. Rosolowski, J. Izykowski, First zone algorithm for protection of series compensated lines. IEEE Trans. Power Delivery 16(2), 200–207 (2001)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  64. M.M. Saha, J. Izykowski, E. Rosolowski, B. Kasztenny, A new accurate fault locating algorithm for series compensated lines. IEEE Trans. Power Delivery 14(3), 789–797 (1999)

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Vijay H. Makwana .

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2016 Springer Science+Business Media Singapore

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Makwana, V.H., Bhalja, B.R. (2016). Introduction. In: Transmission Line Protection Using Digital Technology. Energy Systems in Electrical Engineering. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-1572-4_1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-1572-4_1

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore

  • Print ISBN: 978-981-10-1571-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-981-10-1572-4

  • eBook Packages: EnergyEnergy (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics