Abstract
Pre-implantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) is an early form of prenatal diagnosis, in which embryos created in vitro are analysed for well-defined genetic defects; only those free from the defects are replaced into the womb. The ability to screen for a variety of characteristics has led to disagreement over what conditions are acceptable for screening. From its emergence, PGD has been opposed by a variety of parties and groups who advocate several grounds and reasons. The disagreement focuses especially on the new uses of PGD to screen embryos for susceptibility and late-onset conditions, for HLA-matching for tissue donation to an existing child, and for gender selection. This paper first describes the current and potential future uses of PGD and addresses some ethical issues which have arisen from this technique. It further analyses the position of this technique from the halal perspective. The finding of this study demonstrates that PGD is an acceptable technique, but with certain restrictions and conditions.
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Notes
- 1.
Imam Al-Bukhari, Muhammad, Sahih Bukhari, Book 71: Volume 7, Book 71, Hadith No. 624, ed. Mustafa al-Bagha, 3rd ed. Beirut: Dar Ibn Kathir, 1986.
- 2.
Imam Al-Bukhari, Muhammad, Sahih Bukhari, Volume 7, Book 71, Hadith No. 665e.
- 3.
Some scholars say that it was actually a statement of ʿUmar ibn al-Khatab (r.a.).
- 4.
This view has been corroborated by research conducted by El-Hazmi that genetic diseases are more frequent amongst the Arab population because of the high rate of consanguinity. See, El-Hazmī (1999).
- 5.
Sūrah al-Rūm (30):30.
- 6.
This is in accordance with the guideline of the World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki which recommends that biomedical research involving human subjects must conform to the generally accepted scientific principles, based on a thorough knowledge of the scientific literature, other relevant sources of information, and on adequate laboratory and, where appropriate, animal experimentation. Para 11, World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki: Ethical Principles for Medical research Involving Human Subjects, http://www.wma.net/e/policy/b3.htm, The Declaration of Helsinki (Document 17.C) is an official policy document of the World Medical Association, the global representative body for physicians. It was first adopted in 1964 (Helsinki, Finland) and revised in 1975 (Tokyo, Japan), 1983 (Venice, Italy), 1989 (Hong Kong), 1996 (Somerset-West, South Africa) and 2000 (Edinburgh, Scotland). Note of clarification on Paragraph 29 added by the WMA General Assembly, Washington 2002.
- 7.
Keputusan Muzakarah Jawatankuasa Fatwa Kebangsaan Bagi Hal Ehwal Islam Malaysia Berkaitan Pengklonan dan ART (Assisted Reproductive Technology), Hukum Pengklonan Terapeutik dan Penyelidikan Sel Stem (Stem Cell), Bil.: MFK Kali Ke-66, 22 Februari 2005. The original version of the fatwa reads as follow: “7.4 Harus melakukan penyelidikan ke atas pra-embrio untuk mengetahui penyakit genetic bagi pasangan yang berisiko tinggi dan hanya embrio yang dikenalpasti bebas dari penyakit sahaja boleh ditanam dalam rahim ibunya dalam tempoh perkahwinan yang sah”.
- 8.
Keputusan Muzakarah Jawatankuasa Fatwa Kebangsaan Bagi Hal Ehwal Islam Malaysia Berkaitan Pengklonan dan ART (Assisted Reproductive Technology), Hukum Pengklonan Terapeutik dan Penyelidikan Sel Stem (Stem Cell), Bil.: MFK Kali Ke-66, 22 Februari 2005. The original version of the fatwa reads as follow: “7.5 Rawatan kejuruteraan genetik ke atas pra-embrio yang melibatkan pengubahsuaian sifat semulajadi seperti rambut, warna rambut, kebijaksanaan, ketinggian dsb termasuk memilih jantina adalah haram. Bagaimanapun pemilihan jantina diharuskan sekiranya factor jantina menatijahkan suatu penyakit genetik yang serius yang boleh membawa kematian.”.
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Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank the Universiti Teknologi MARA Malaysia for its support extended to the authors in presenting this paper. This paper is presented at the International Halal Conference 2014 held in Istanbul Turkey on the 17 and 18 November 2014, funded by the Research Acculturation Grant Scheme (RAGS) [File No: 600-RMI/RAGS 5/3 (157/2013)]. The authors would like to extend their heartfelt appreciation, gratitude, and thanks to the Ministry of Education Malaysia (MOE) for its financial support.
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Abd. Rahman, F., Harun, H.M.F., Samori, Z., Ramly, F. (2016). Pre-implantation Genetic Diagnosis (PGD): Halal Perspective. In: Ab. Manan, S., Abd Rahman, F., Sahri, M. (eds) Contemporary Issues and Development in the Global Halal Industry. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-1452-9_25
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